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| A scientific method involving the following five steps: survey, question, read, recite, and review. |
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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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| The orderly systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate the problem, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions, and communicate their findings. |
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| A general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related. |
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| The process of repeating a study to verify research findings. |
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| A testable prediction about the conditions under which a particular behavior or mental process may occur. |
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| Research conducted to seek new knowledge and to explore and advance general scientific understanding. |
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| Research conducted specifically to solve practical problems and improve the quality of life. |
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| The first formal school of thought in psychology, aimed at analyzing the basic elements or structure of conscious mental experience. |
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| An early school of psychology that was concerned with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment. |
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| Summer & Watson, 1960's. The school of psychology that views observable, measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and emphasizes the key role of environment. |
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| Freud. The term Freud used for both his theory of personality and his therapy for the treatment of psychological disorders the unconscious is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory. |
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| Maslow & Rogers. The school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health. |
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| The school of psychology that sees humans as active participants in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, reasoning, decision making, perception, language, and other forms of cognition. |
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| Wertheimer. The school of psychology that emphasizes that individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts. |
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| An approach to the study of mental structures and processes that uses the computer as a model for human thinking. |
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| Information-Processing Theory |
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| the school of psychology that studies how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution. |
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| The school of psychology that looks for links between specific behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences. |
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| An interdisciplinary field that combines the work of psychologist, biologists, biochemists, medical researchers, and others in the study of the structure and function of the nervous system. |
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| The view that social and cultural factors may be just as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior of others. |
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| General points of view used in explaining peoples behavior and thinking whether normal or abnormal. |
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| Psychological perspectives |
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| A descriptive research method in which behavior is studied in a laboratory setting. |
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| Research methods that yield descriptions of behavior. |
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| Descriptive Research Methods. |
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| A descriptive research method in which researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting, without attempting to influence or control it. |
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| A descriptive research method in which a single individual or a small number of persons are studied in great depth. |
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| A descriptive research method in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a small group of people. |
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| The entire group of interest to researchers, to which they wish to generalize their findings; the group from which a sample is selected. |
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| A part of a population that is studied to reach conclusions about the entire population. |
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| A sample that mirrors the population of interest; it includes important subgroups in the same proportions as they are found in that population. |
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| A research method used to establish the degree of relationship between two characteristics, events, or behaviors. |
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| A numerical value that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between tow variables; ranges from +1.00 (a perfect positive correlation) to a -1.00 (a perfect negative correlation). |
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| The only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships between two or more conditions or variables. |
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| Any condition or factor that can be manipulated, controlled or measured. |
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| In an experiment, a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition. |
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| The factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| In an experiment, the group that is exposed to an independent variable. |
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| A group similar to the experimental group that is exposed to the same experimental environment but is not given the treatment; used for purposes of comparison. |
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| Factors or conditions other than the independent variables that are not equivalent across groups with respect to the dependent variable. |
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| The assignment of participants to experimental or control groups in such a way that systematic differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment. |
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| The process of selecting participants for experimental and control groups by using a chance procedure to guarantee that each participant has an equal probability of being assigned to any of the groups. A control for selection bias. |
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| The phenomenon that occurs in a experiment when a participants response to a treatment is due to his or her expectations about the treatment. |
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| An inert or harmless substance given to the control group in an experiment as a control for the placebo effect. |
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| A phenomenon that occurs when a researchers preconceived notions or expectations in some way influence participants behavior and or the researcher's interpretation of experimental results. |
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| A procedure in which neither the participants nor the experimenter knows who is in the experimental and control groups until after the data have been gathered; a control for experimental bias. |
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| The process of objectivity evaluating claims, propositions, and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from the evidence presented. |
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| The degree to which a study's findings can be applied to the general population. |
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| Description, Explanation, Prediction, Influence. |
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| Goals for Psychological Researchers |
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| What goal is used in Identifying and classifying behaviors an mental processes as accurately as possible. |
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| What goal is used in proposing reasons for behavior and mental processes. |
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| What goal is used in offering educated guesses about how a given condition or set of conditions will affect behaviors and mental processes. |
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| What goal is used in using the results of research to solve practical problems that involve behavior and mental processes. |
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| Vision for new discipline included studies of social and cultural influences on human thought, he introduced Introspection. |
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| Who was Wundt's most famous students. He set up laboratories at Cornell University and named them "structuralism". |
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| Spoke of the "stream of consciousness", which functions to help humans adapt to their environment. |
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| 1847-1930 Hopkins. Formulated evolutionary theory of color. |
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| 1863-1930 Established the Wellsley College Psychology laboratory and developed a paired associates test, a technique for the study of memory. |
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| The first African American psychologist and known as the "father" of African American Psychology. |
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| Another African American who had some of the earliest studies on intelligence and how it related to the success in numerous occupational fields. Also, founder of the first psychological laboratory at Howard University, a Black institution. |
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| Wrote on the harmful effects of racial segregation. |
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| Kenneth clark's wife, together they wrote on racial identification and self-esteem, which later became classics. |
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| Studied biases on IQ testing, and cultural and language differences work against Hispanics. |
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| Known for her research examining autobiographical memory. She was a native American. |
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| What are the Biological Perspectives? |
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| The Biological Perspectives include: Behavioral, Psychoanalytical, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Biological, Sociocultural. General points of view used to explain peoples' behavior and thinking, whether normal or abnormal. |
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| What is the variable for the Behavioral Perspective? |
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| What are the variables for the Psychoanalytical Perspective? |
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| Emotions, unconscious motivations, early childhood experiences. |
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| What are the variables for the Humanistic Perspective? |
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| Subjective experiences, intrinsic motivation to achieve self-actualization. |
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| What is the variable for the Cognitive Perspective? |
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| What are the variables for the Evolutional Perspective |
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| Inherited traits that enhance adaptability |
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| What are the variables for the Biological Perspective ? |
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| Biological structures, processes, heredity |
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| What are the variables for the Sociocultural Perspective? |
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| social and cultural variables. |
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| Reasons for Correlational Studies |
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Definition
1) correlations are quite useful for making predictions.
2) When its impossible for ethical reasons, to study variables of interest using more direct methods.
3) Many variables of interest to psychologists can not be manipulated.
4) these correlation studies can be done fairly quickly. |
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Which of the following is an example of two positively correlated variables?
A) average daily temperature and number of people at the beach
B) hours spent playing computer games and hours spent outdoors
C) number of students in a class and instructor time spent with each student
D) annual number of days missed from work and annual production bonuses |
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| A) average daily temperature and number of people at the beach |
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The number of ear infections children have in the first year of life (a __________ individual difference) may be correlated with learning disabilities in the elementary school years (a __________ individual difference).
A) biological; behavioral
B) neurological; psychological
C) humanistic; sociocultural
D) cognitive; physiological |
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| A) biological; behavioral |
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__________ is currently regarded by many psychologists to be the most prominent school of psychological thought.
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Psychoanalysis
C) Information-processing theory
D) Behaviorism |
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In Wundt's study of the perception of a variety of visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli, he used the __________ method.
A) information-processing
B) introspection
C) free association
D) objective observation |
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Which of the following is NOT an element of the scientific method?
A) communicate or disseminate findings
B) explain how a number of separate facts are unrelated
C) draw conclusions regarding data
D) collect and analyze data |
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| B) explain how a number of separate facts are unrelated |
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Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of surveys?
A) responders may not tell the truth
B) the wording of questions may affect answers
C) they can be costly and time consuming
D) they produce inaccurate results across time |
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| D) they produce inaccurate results across time |
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The "no pain-no gain" principle is an expression that dates back to the 18th-century writings of
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Thomas Edison.
D) Benjamin Franklin. |
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__________ redefined psychology as "the science of behavior."
A) Structuralism
B) Existentialism
C) Behaviorism
D) Functionalism |
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Any condition or factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured is a
A) coefficient.
B) value.
C) correlation.
D) variable. |
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__________ is conducted specifically for the purpose of solving practical problems and improving the quality of life.
A) Basic research
B) Applied research
C) Replication
D) Psychology |
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__________ occurs when researchers' preconceived notions become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
A) Professional confusion
B) Experimenter bias
C) Selection bias
D) Humanistic propensity |
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Selection bias occurs when
A) differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment.
B) factors or conditions are not equivalent across groups.
C) the control group is exposed to the same experimental environment as the experimental group.
D) participants are selected by using a chance procedure. |
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| A) differences among the groups are present at the beginning of the experiment. |
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Telling a participant complete information about all aspects of a study after the participant has fulfilled his or her role is referred to as
A) debriefing.
B) confounding.
C) institutional approval.
D) subordinate deception. |
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Gestalt psychology
A) views humans as being pushed and pulled by environmental factors.
B) focuses on the uniqueness of human beings.
C) is based on case studies of patients.
D) emphasizes the perception of objects and patterns as whole units. |
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Definition
| D) emphasizes the perception of objects and patterns as whole units. |
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Psychologists who investigate how the individual feels, thinks, and behaves in the presence of others are __________ psychologists.
A) developmental
B) experimental
C) social
D) clinical |
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Researchers who use Web-based surveys must be cautious about generalizing the results of their surveys because
A) the Internet supplies an overwhelming amount of survey answers.
B) respondents represent only the population who choose to participate.
C) only people under age 30 are computer proficient.
D) Internet users always represent themselves inaccurately. |
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| B) respondents represent only the population who choose to participate. |
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For several years, Dr. Kempfler has met with a small group of gifted children. He has compiled data on their attitudes, experiences, and personal habits. Dr. Kempfler is in the process of conducting
A) a case study.
B) an experimental study.
C) a naturalistic study.
D) survey research. |
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Which of the following is NOT an APA code of ethics guideline for using animals in research?
A) The use of animals must be supervised by people who are trained in their care.
B) At the sign of illness or distress, researchers must terminate the lives of research animals.
C) Researchers are ethically bound to minimize any discomfort to research animals.
D) Animal research must follow all relevant federal, state, and local laws. |
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Definition
| B) At the sign of illness or distress, researchers must terminate the lives of research animals. |
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The higher a person's credit score, the
A) lower the likelihood of a future delinquency.
B) more positive the correlation to delinquency.
C) greater the chance of bankruptcy.
D) less money a bank will lend. |
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Definition
| A) lower the likelihood of a future delinquency. |
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The number in a correlation coefficient indicates
A) whether the negative or positive variable has more influence upon behavior.
B) the balance between human emotion and behavior.
C) whether the negative variable outweighs the positive variable.
D) the relative strength of the relationship between two variables. |
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Definition
| D) the relative strength of the relationship between two variables. |
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A psychology professor studied the effect of item order on test scores. He gave half the class a test in which the item order reflected the textbook order and gave the other half the same items in random order. What was the dependent variable in his study?
A) the item order
B) the method used to split the class in half
C) the test scores
D) the difficulty of the test items |
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What psychological approach helps explain cross-cultural differences in behavior?
A) humanistic
B) evolutionary
C) sociocultural
D) cognitive |
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Jerome wants to know if listening to music impacts studying and recall. He chose two groups of random subjects . Both groups read the same short story and took the same 10-question quiz. Group 1 read the story while music played and Group 2 read the story with no music. What is a potential confounding variable in Jerome's study?
A) the type of short story
B) the outcome of the quiz
C) being exposed to music or no music
D) the type of music played |
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Definition
| D) the type of music played |
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In the early 20th century, which scientist contributed the important seeds of thought that gave birth to the new school of psychology called functionalism?
A) Edward Titchener
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) Charles Darwin
D) William James |
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The goals of psychology are
A) theory, prediction, control, and replication.
B) explanation, prediction, control, and influence.
C) description, prediction, hypothesis, and research.
D) description, explanation, prediction, and influence. |
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Definition
| D) description, explanation, prediction, and influence. |
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