ENCODING

(getting info into the system)

Experiment: created a list of nonsense words and learned them

Purpose: to find out how things are lost from memory.

Chase & Ericsson

cognitive psychologists who had participants SF and DD recall 80+ digits.

Results: a really good memory causes pepole to not understand the material

Atkinson & Shiffrin's

Modal Model

model explains how memory works

(stimulus->sensory registers->STM-->LTM)

*study from notes

Iconic Memory

(vision)

Capacity = large

Duration = short

(a part of sensory memory)

Change "blindness"

(a part of STM)

inability to notice changes from one scene to the next

(can't detect bc duration is too short)

can remember more info if it is chunked

i.e. telephone #s

Miller(1956) determined STM capacity is 7 +- 2

1) General Cognitive Ability View

2) Innate Linguistic Ability View

- language is a tool we've developed bc of our evolved brains

- requires exposure and experience

- we were born with special areas for acquiring and processing language

- exposure is not required

Pre-step: crying

1) Cooing

2) Babbling

3) One-word utterances

4) 2/3-word utterances

5) Basic Adult Language

- 1 to 2 mos

- produces all possible sounds of language

- by 6 mos old

- begins to make phenomes

- 1 year olds

- each word can mean diff things

   i.e. "mama" can mean "i'm hungry"or "i want to be held"

- 18-24 mos

- "primitive grammar"

- results in Over-extension and Over-regularization

* Over-extension:

**Over-regularization:

* uses single words to cover many things

**misapplying grammatical rules like verb tenses

- by age 6

- children have near adult command of language

- vocabulary still continues to grow

cones: located in fovea, low sensitivity to light, color, high acuity

rods: more adundant, located in periphery, high light sensitivity, no color, low acuity

Proximal: input to sense organs, how we THINK things are

Distal: how objects are in the real world

to create a neural stimulus from a physical stimulus

i.e. chemicals dissolve in saliva(taste), phtons of light hit the retina(vision)

1) Cultures differ

2) Individual histories differ

1) Vestibular System - ear canal

2) The Eye

     - focuses (cornea and lens)

     - transduction (photoreceptors)

     - processing streams (dorsal and ventral)

Processing Streams:

Dorsal and Ventral

Dorsal stream: sends info like location of objects and movement

Ventral Stream: sends info like colors and shapes

*Nasty Contact Lens Study

- results suggest that humans have feature detectors- we can see edges

we perceive objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change

*shape, size, color, brightness

Gestalt Psychology

*the whole is more than the sum of the parts

*perception makes assumptions about the world when interpreting features

i.e. "light from above" assumption 

1) we monitor ourselves and our external envirionment so we can be aware of certain things

2) we control ourselves (start/stop behavior based on goals and plans)

- Conscious processes (iceberg theory)

- Preconscious processes (can become conscious)

- Unconscious processes (can't become conscious-too painful)

Cognitive Unconscious

(modern view)

some mental systems operate on an unconscious level

i.e. we don't have to think about tasting/feeling

*list of red/green numbers/leters

* proved that multitaskers are not better at task switching

daily schedule of waking and sleeping

*body clock and other biological factors (body temp, hormonal secretions)