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| The scientific study of behavior and the mind. |
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| The contents and processes of subjective experience: sensations, thoughts, and emotions. |
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| Observable actions such as moving about, talking, gesturing, and so on' behaviors can also refer to the activities of cells and to thoughts and feelings. |
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| Psychologist who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems. |
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| Likely to deal with adjustment problems, like marriage and family problems |
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| Medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems |
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| Psychologists who extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical problems in the world. |
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| Works with students in primary and secondary schools to help them perform well academically an socially |
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| Industrial/Organizational Psychologist |
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| Works in industry to help improve moral, train new recruits, or help managers establish effective lines of communication with their employees. |
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| Human Factors Psychologists |
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| Play a key role in the design and engineering of new products |
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| The relationship between control knobs and burners that humans learn to control a stove (stove is an example) |
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| Psychologists who try to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind |
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| Personality Psychologists |
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| Concerned with the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across situations and also with how people differ |
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| Focus on higher mental processes, such as memory |
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| Psychologists that are interested in how people think about, influence, and relate to each other |
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| The idea that knowledge comes directly from experience |
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| Argued that the mind and body are separate: the physical body, he claimed, cannot think, nor is it possible to explain thinking by appealing to physical matter. He believed the mind controlled the actions of a mechanical body through the pineal gland. He first introduced the idea of a reflex |
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| a small structure at the base of the brain |
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| An automatic, involuntary reaction of the body to events in the environment |
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| Psychologists believe they are one and the same |
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| The idea that some knowledge is innate, or present at birth |
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| German philosopher who invented the idea of nativism. |
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| Humans ar born with a certain fixed way of viewing the world. For example, this idea proposes that the visual system naturally organizes the sensory input in such a way that we cannot comprehend seeing an object in another way. |
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| Fundamentally affects the way we perceive the world |
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| Believed that both physical and psychological characteristics were naturally selected for their adapted value. |
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| Idea that some individuals are better than others at overcoming obstacles and solving the problems present in their environment because they have evolved more than other individuals |
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| The idea that humans are born with a brain that is predisposed to act and think in particular ways but that the way that the brain thinks is also influenced by experience. |
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| First person to establish a psychology laboratory (and also the first to conduct experiments). He is recognized as the founder, or father, of modern psychology. |
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| An early school of psychology; structuralists tired to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts, much as chemists might try to understand a chemical compound. Founded by Edward Titchener. |
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| Proposed that immediate experience could be broken down into elements- primary sensations and feelings. He believed that it was the job of the psychologist to identify these elements and then discover how they combine to produce meaningful wholes. This approach was later named structuralism. |
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| An early technique used to study the mind; systematic introspection required people to look inward and describe their own experiences. This was created to solve the problem of the subjectiveness of mental events, which made them difficult to record. |
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| An early school of psychology; functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose. |
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| A functionalist who was convinced that to understand a mental process its function must be considered. He believed that to understand how memory worked, he had to first consider the purpose of memorization: what kinds of problems did our memory systems help solve? He is considered the father of American Psychology. |
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| A school of psychology proposing that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experience. Created by John B. Watson. |
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| Created behaviorism. He was convinced that psychology should discard all references to consciousness because it cannot be publicly observed and therefore fall outside the proper domain of science. |
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| Discovered the principles of behavior modification- how actions are changed by reinforcement and non reinforcement. Is a behaviorist. |
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| term used by Freud to describe his theory of mind and system of therapy |
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| A movement in psychology that focuses on people's unique capacities for choice, responsibility, and growth, |
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| Helped develop the humanistic perspective, which focuses on our unique capacity for self-awarness, personal responsibility, and growth. |
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| First woman to receive her Ph. D. in psych. and the second female president of the American Psychological Association. Was a Behaviorist. Wrote The Animal Mind |
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| Helped pioneer the study of sex differences and abolished a number of myths about women that were widely accepted at the time |
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| The idea that it's useful to select information from several sources rather than to rely entirely on a single perspective or school of thought. |
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| The shift away from strict behaviorism, begun in the 1950's, characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental processes. |
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| How we think and perceive things; many psychologists are now convinced that through studying how we think, they will be able to determine what causes psychological disorders. |
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| Psychologists have found a link between structures in the brain and the phenomena of behavior and mind. THey believe that by studying pictures of the brian and its activity they will be able to pinpoint where psychological problems occur. |
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| A movement preposing that we're born with mental processes and "software" that guide our thinking and behavior. These innate mechanisms were acquired through natural selection in our ancestral past and help us to solve specific adaptive problems |
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| The shared values, customs, and beliefs of a group or community |
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| Believed in reincarnation and recycling of knowledge; he thought that you were born with all the knowledge you would receive and that a teacher had to 'draw' the knowledge out of the mind by asking questions |
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| Did not believe in Socratic way of teaching; he thought that everyone was born with a blank slate and that knowledge came from observations (empirical evidence) and testing theories |
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| Did not believe in Socratic way of teaching; he thought that everyone was born with a blank slate and that knowledge came from observations (empirical evidence) and testing theories |
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| Two worlds- the mental and physical; people exist in both. God exists in mental world, souls don't have a physical location but after physical body dies souls travel either to heaven or hell |
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| Believed all knowledge came from experience and that since no person was born with innate knowledge then monarchs were no greater than normal people |
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| Developed by David Hume, this idea stated that ideas grew off of each other, and that all ideas started out as simple thoughts and then were associated with more complex thoughts. |
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| Created Memserism, an early form of hypnotism, and used it to treat psychological disorders. His theory was that everyone has a magnetic gravitational fluid flowing through them and that if you have the ability to channel that fluid you are sane |
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| Put Mesmerism to use in his hospital that was filled with young women diagnosed with 'hysteria.' He believed that disobedient women had traveling uteruses that caused them to go into hysterics- told families that he could cure them of their disobedience using hypnotism. Everyone thought it worked b/c girls faked getting better for rewards |
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| Student of Charcot that rejected hypnotism and hysteria. He created the idea of relaxing in an psycologist's office. Thought that all the women he was studying wanted to have sex with relatives and based his theories off of that. |
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| The portion of personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression. |
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| The portion of personality that induces people to act with reason and deliberation and helps them conform to the requirements of the external world. |
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| The portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion, in accordance with the moral customs defined by parents and culture |
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| An approach to personality development, based largely on Freud's theories, that holds that much of behavior is governed by unconscious forces |
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| The contents of awareness- those things that occupy the focus of one's current attention |
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| THe art of the mind that contains all of the inactive but potentially accessible thoughts and memories |
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| The part of the mind that contains all the memories, urges, and conflicts that are truly beyond awareness |
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| According to Freud, Unconscious processes used by the ego to ward off the anxiety that come from confrontation, usually the the demands of the id. |
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| A defense mechanism used to bury anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings in the unconscious. |
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| The first stage of Freud's conception of psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life; in this stage, pleasure is derived from sucking and placing things in the mouth. |
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| The first stage of Freud's conception of psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life; in this stage, pleasure is derived from sucking and placing things in the mouth. |
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| Freud's second stage of development, occurring in teh second year of life; pleasure is derived form the process of defecation |
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| Freud's third stage of development, lasting from about three to five; pleasure is derived from self stimulation of the sexual organs |
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| Freud's period of psychosexual development, from age 5 to puberty, during which the child's sexual feelings are largely suppressed. |
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| Freud's final stage of development, during which one develops mature sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex. |
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| The notion proposed by Carl Jung that certain kings of universal symbols and ideas are present in the unconscious of all people |
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| Believed that personalities arose form our attempts to overcome or compensate for fundamental feelings of inadequacy. He coined the term "inferiority complex" |
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| Argued that Freud painted women in the wrong way and that we do not have 'penis envy' |
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| An approach to personality that focuses on people's unique capacity for choice, responsibility, and growth. |
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| Freud's definition of Anxiety |
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| When there is a conflict with the Id, Ego, and Superego |
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| I'm not like that, you are |
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| I'm not like that, I'm the opposite of that |
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| There are good reasons why I am like that |
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| I need to go work out- taking feelings out in another way |
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| Converting emotional energy into creative energy to make works of art |
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