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| a physical process: the she stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world |
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| -a psychological process: the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience |
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| - the process by which our sensitivity diminished when an object constantly stimulates our senses |
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| - the conversion of physical into neural information |
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| -the study of how ppl psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch |
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| d- the lowest intensity level of a stimulus a person can detect half of the time |
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| -the viewpoint that both stimulus intensity and decision making processes are involved in the detection of a stimulus |
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| -the smallest amount of change b/w 2 stimuli that a person can detect half of the time |
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| - the finding that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus |
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| -the effect of frame of mind on perception; a tendency to perceive stimuli in a certain manner |
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| -the opening in the iris through which light enters the eye |
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| -the muscle that forms the colored part of the eye; it adjusts the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye |
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| -the clear hard covering that protects the lens of the eye |
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| -the structure that sits behind the pupil; it bends the light rays that enter the eye to focus images on the retina |
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| the process by which muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects different distances |
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| the thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye |
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| cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy; they are transducers |
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| -photoreceptors that function in low illumination and play a key role in night vision; responsive to dark and light contrast |
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| process of adjustment to seeing in the dark |
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| - photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light |
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| spot on the back of the retina that contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina place of clearest vision |
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| the ability to see clearly |
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| structure composed of the axons of ganglion cells from the retina that carry visual information from the eye to the brain |
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| the point at which strands of the optic nerve from half of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain |
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| neurons in the visual cortex that analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements |
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| the ability to see things in three dimensions and to discriminate what is near from what is far |
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| aids to depth perception that rely on input from both eyes |
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| a binocular way in which the eyes move inward as an object moves closer to you |
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| aids to depth perception that do not require two eyes |
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| the ability of the brain to perceive perception of objects in spite of changes in retinal image when an object changes in position or distance from the viewer |
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Similarity – tendency to group like objects together in visual perception
Continuity- tendency to see points and lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path
Proximity-Tendency to group objects together that are near one another
Closure-tendency to see a whole object even complete information is unavailable
Figure-ground-figure stands out in front of a uniform background |
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Bottom-up principle-assembling a perceptual experience
/Top-down processing- perception of the whole based on our experience and expectations, which guide our perception of smaller elemental features of a stimulus |
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| Trichromatic color theory |
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| all color results from mixing of red green and blue light. Retina has three types of receptor cones each sensitive to different wavelengths of light |
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| cones are lined together in three opposing pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, black/white. Activating one member in the pair inhibits activity in the other. |
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| a bony tube of the inner ear, which is curled like a snail’s shell and filled w/ fluid |
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| a membrane that runs through the cochlea; contains the hair cells |
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| inner ear sensory receptors that transducer sound vibrations into neural impulses |
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| the nerve that receives action potentials from the hair cells and transmits auditory info to the brain |
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| structure of the inner ear involved in maintain balance |
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| senses based in the skin, body, or membrane surfaces |
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| receptor cells in the skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities, such as shape, grooves, or vibrations |
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| a complex emotional and sensory experience associated w/actual or potential tissue damage |
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| idea that the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by either opening or closing neural channels, called gates, that transmit pain sensations to the brain |
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Olfactory sensory neurons- the sensory receptor for smell that reside high up inside the nose
Olfactory bulb- a forebrain structure that sends info either directly to the smell processing areas in the cortex or indirectly to the cortex by the way of the thalamus |
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| textured structures on the surface of the tongue that contain thousands of taste buds |
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| structures inside the papillae of the tongue that contain the taste receptor cells |
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| sensory receptors that reside in the taste buds |
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| an unusual sensory experience in which a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated |
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