Term
| Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory |
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Definition
| proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality |
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Definition
| an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
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Definition
| personality is explained by our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment. |
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
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Definition
| Freud’s theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight |
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Definition
| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
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Definition
| contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
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Definition
| the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. |
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Definition
| he part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
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Definition
| the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |
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Definition
| Pleasure centers on mouth, sucking biting, chewing 0-18 months |
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Definition
| 18-36 months pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control |
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| Phallic psychosexual stage |
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Definition
| 3-6 years, pleasure zone is genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings . Failure to resolve, may result, in cockiness and sexual conquest in men, and femininity and manipulativeness in women |
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Term
| Latency psychosexual stage |
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Definition
| 6 years to puberty dormant sexual feelings |
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| Genital psychosexual stage |
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Definition
| from puberty on. Maturation of sexual interests |
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Definition
| according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
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Definition
| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos |
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Definition
| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
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Definition
| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
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Definition
| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. ex homoexuality becomes homophobia |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. |
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Definition
| defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. |
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Definition
| defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities |
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Definition
| Neo-freudian, argued that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority, feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power |
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Definition
| said childhood anxiety, caused by the dependent child’s sense of helplessness, triggers our desire for love and security. Horney countered Freud’s assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer “penis envy,” |
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Definition
| Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history |
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Definition
| a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics |
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Term
| hematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
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Definition
| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
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Definition
| cooler information processing that occurs without our awareness |
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Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. |
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Definition
| a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
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Definition
| according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential. |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance |
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Term
| 3 ways people nurture our growth according to Rogers |
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Definition
| by being genuine, accepting, and empathetic |
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Definition
| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I? |
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Definition
| a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports |
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Definition
| a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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Definition
| the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes |
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Definition
| a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. |
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Definition
| acceptance of stock, positive descriptions |
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Term
| social-cognitive perspective |
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Definition
| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context. |
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Definition
| the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. |
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Definition
| a sense of controlling your environment rather than feeling helpless |
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Term
| external locus of control |
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Definition
| he perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. |
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| internal locus of control |
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Definition
| the perception that you control your own fate |
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Definition
| the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
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Definition
| the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
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Definition
| n contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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Definition
| overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) |
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Definition
| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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Definition
| the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiet |
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Term
| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| n anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
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Definition
| in which a person feels irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| n anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) |
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Term
| Post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
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Definition
| positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
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Definition
| stimulus generalization occurs, (IE a stressful experience) which causes a phobia, then there is reinforcment: avoiding that experience again |
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Definition
| learning fears by observing others |
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Definition
| psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause |
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Definition
| a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found |
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Definition
| a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease |
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Definition
| disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
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Definition
| a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state |
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Definition
| a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
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Term
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Definition
| increases arousal and boosts mood |
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Definition
| a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions |
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Definition
| false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong-doing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. |
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |
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Definition
| therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight |
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Term
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Definition
| variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses. |
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Definition
| a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth. (Also called person-centered therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| mpathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers’ client-centered therapy |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
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Definition
| therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
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Definition
| a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias |
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Term
| virtual reality exposure therapy |
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Definition
| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. |
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Definition
| a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
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Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats. |
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Definition
| therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
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Term
| cognitive-behavior therapy |
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Definition
| a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
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Definition
| therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. |
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Term
| regression toward the mean |
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Definition
| the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average |
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Definition
| a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies. |
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Definition
| clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. |
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| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) |
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Definition
| Alternative therapy where a patient thinks of a traumatic experience and move their eyes about rapidly in order to diminish anxiety |
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Definition
| alternative therapy which gives people affected with SAD a timed daily dose of intense light. |
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Definition
| rescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient’s nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder |
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Definition
| drugs used to control anxiety and agitation |
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Definition
| rugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. |
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Term
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
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Definition
| the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| urgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
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Definition
| a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. |
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Definition
Optimistic, Dependent
on Others for Everything & Trusting |
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Definition
| Aggressive, Pessimistic, Hostile, Argumentative & Sarcastic |
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Definition
| Using People, Hostility, Sadism & Temper Tantrums. |
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Definition
| tubborn, Obstinate, Compulsive & Overly‐Conscientious. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory that boys may develop fear of castration because of womens lack of penis. associated with oedipus complex |
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Term
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Definition
Sexual desire for father upon
realizing that he has a penis |
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Definition
| Refocusing threatening impulses toward more acceptable outlets. Sexual Energy > Artistic Creativity |
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Term
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Definition
| personality is derived from the four vital humours: sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric |
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Definition
| Pleasant and cheerful, stems from an excess of blood. |
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Definition
| lethargic and unemotional: stems from excess of phlegm |
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Definition
| Depressed and sad, stems from excess of black bile |
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Term
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Definition
| angry and short-tempered: stems from an excess of yellow bile |
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Term
| Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator |
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Definition
| sixteen types- Extraversion/Introversion –Sensing/Intuition –Thinking/Feeling –Judging/Perceiving |
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Definition
Type a: acheivment oriented, Impatient & Competitive.
Type B: relaxed, Patient, Creative, Imaginative & Reflective. |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic mild depression, low energy levels, low self-esteem, problems sleeping and concentrating for more than 2 years |
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Term
| Seasonal affective disorder sad |
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Definition
| Mild depression in winter months when there is less sun |
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