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| **The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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**Founder of psychology
**Used scientific methods to study fundamental psychological processes
**Defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness |
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**Edward Titchener
**1st major school of thought
**Introspection
**Analyze or break down elements or structure |
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**William James
**2nd major school of thought
**How one adapts or functions in their environment |
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**Sigmund Freud
**3rd major school of thought
**Emphasized role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality |
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**John Watson
**4th major school of thought
**Focus is on observable behavior
**Goal of behaviorists is to discover the fundamental principles of learning, how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences |
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**Carl Rogers
**5th major school of thought
**Emphasized an individual's self determination, free will, and motivation |
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| Biological perspectives in Contemporary Psychology |
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| **Emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system and genetics |
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| Psychodynamic perspective in Contemporary Psychology |
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| **emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships |
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| Behavioral perspective in Contemporary Psychology |
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| **how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes |
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| Humanistic perspective in Contemporary Psychology |
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| **Focuses on the motivation of people to grow psychologically |
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| Cognitive perspective in Contemporary Psychology |
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| **Focuses on how people process and remember information |
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| The four (4) basic goals of psychology |
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| **Describe, explain, predict and control or influence behavior and mental processes |
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| Descriptive Research Methods |
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| **Strategies for observing and describing behavior |
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**observing and recording behavior as they occur in their natural settings
**Goal: to detect the behavior patterns that exist naturally
**Advantage: can study behaviors that can not be ethically manipulated
**Disadv.: have to wait for something to happen |
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**An intensive, in depth investigation of an individual or a small group of individuals
**Involve compiling a great deal of info from a variety of difference sources
**Often provide psychologists w/ info that be used to help understand normal behavior |
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**questionnaire or interview
**Advantage: information can be gathered from a much larger group of people
**Sample: a segment of a larger grp or population
**Representative sample: closely parallels or matches the larger grp
**Random selection: every member of the larger grp has an equal chance of being selected |
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| **Examines how strongly 2 variables are related to, or associated with, each other |
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**numerical indicator of the strength of the relationship b/w 2 factors
**Higher number, stronger correlation |
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| **2 factors increase or decrease together |
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| **2 variables move in opposite directions…as one factor increases, the other decreases |
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| **Used to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship b/w changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable |
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| **manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment |
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| **observed and measured for change in an experiment…influenced by the independent variable |
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| groups of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions |
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| **group of participants who are not exposed to all experimental conditions |
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