Term
| What process occurs in the pharmaceutic phase of a drug? |
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Definition
| Drug in a solid state breaks down into small particles and then a liquid. Drugs in liquid form are already in solution, thus more rapidly available. |
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Term
| What is the study of pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
| The study of what actually happens to a drug from the time it enters the body to the time it leaves. |
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Term
| What are the four pharmacokinetic phases? |
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Definition
| absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination. |
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Term
| What are the three ways a drug is absorbed? |
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Definition
| passive transport, active transport, and pinocytosis. |
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Term
| What is the "first-pass effect" and why is it unwanted? |
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Definition
| Process whereby the drug passes to the liver first before getting into systemic circulation. Too much of the drugs active ingredients are lost in the liver. |
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Term
| What is the most affective way to prevent the first-pass effect? |
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Definition
| Give the drug intravenously. |
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Term
| What are the two basic routes of drug administration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enteral routes include: ____,______,_____,______,______ |
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Definition
| oral, sublingual, buccal, gastrointestinal, and rectal. |
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Term
| Perenteral routes include: |
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Definition
| subcutaneous, intramuscular, IV, intradermal, epidural. (usually injection but can be drops, topicals, inhalations..) |
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Term
| What are some factors that affect a drugs absorption? |
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Definition
| how the drug enters the body, drug form (liquid, solid), surface area of the mucosa (where drug must pass), blood supply to site of administration, solubility of drug, and liver function. |
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Term
| True or false. Compared to a healthy individual, a patient with severe liver failure needs a larger po morphine dose to control the pain from a broken leg. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does distribution of a drug mean? |
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Definition
| the transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to site of action. |
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Term
| distribution is influenced by three factors: |
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Definition
| blood flow, affinity to tissue (drugs first distribute to organs rich in blood supply), plasma protein binding(drugs may become attached to proteins) |
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Term
| True or false. Calcium can be measured in the body by free calcium and bound calcium, but only the bound calcium can be used. |
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Definition
| False. once a drug is bound to a protein and no longer free, it is unusable at that time. Later on the drug is released by the protein. |
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Term
| If a person is malnourished, why is it important to check their protein levels? |
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Definition
| More than likely a malnourished person will have low proteins. Thus, increasing the toxicity of drugs that tend to bind to proteins. |
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Term
| What does metabolism refer to? |
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Definition
| The transformation of a drug from active state to an inactive state. |
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Term
| Which organ is most responsible for metabolism of a drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What primary organ is responsible for drug elimination? |
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Definition
| kidneys, although the liver, bowel, and lungs play a role. |
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Term
| If a patient's creatinine level is high, what does this infer? |
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Definition
| A patient's kidneys are inproperly working, a decrease in GFR. |
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Term
| What is the study of pharmacodynamics? |
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Definition
| the effect the drug has on the body. onset, peak, and duration |
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Term
| What is a drug receptor interaction? |
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Definition
| A portion of a drug interacts with a reactive site on the cell surface to produce a biologic effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that produce a response. |
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Term
| What are antagonist drugs? |
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Definition
| Drugs that block responses. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a drug-enzyme interaction? |
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Definition
| Drug interacts with enzyme system to fool the enzyme into binding to it rather than the normal target cell. (ACE inhibitors) |
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Term
| What is a non-specific drug interaction? |
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Definition
| Drugs either interfere with or chemically alter cellular processes (cancer drugs, antibiotics) |
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Term
| What is the therapeutic range? |
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Definition
| The ratio between a drug's beneficial effects and it's toxic effects. |
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Term
| What is a drug's half-life? |
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Definition
| The length of time it takes the body to use and eliminate one half of the concentration of the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Side effects are consequences produced other than the primary therapeutic results. |
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Term
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Definition
| harmful effect on various body issues, resulting from over-dosage, or build-up of medication in the blood. |
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Term
| What is a drug tolerance? |
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Definition
| Client develops a decreased response to a medication, requiring a higher dosage to achieve therapeutic effect. |
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Term
| What is hypersensitivity and how is it usually caused? |
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Definition
| Term refers to the situation whereby the client is unusually sensitive to a drug or its side effects. Caused by too large of a dose for a client. |
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Term
| What are idiosyncratic effects? |
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Definition
| Unpredictable and inexplicable symptoms of a drug caused by a genetic predisposition. |
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Term
| What is an allergic reaction? |
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Definition
| An antigen-antibody response to a medication. mild or severe. |
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Term
| What are the two results of medication interactions? |
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Definition
Potentiation (increase in drug;s effects)
antagonism (decrease in drug's effect) |
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Term
| What is the cumulative effect of a medication? |
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Definition
| Occurs when a client cannot breakdown or metabolize a medication before the next dose. |
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Term
| What are four factors that affect pharmacodynamics? |
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Definition
| age, genetic factors, height/weight, gender |
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Term
| What are the two general ways drugs are classified? |
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Definition
| clinical indication or body system. |
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Term
| When a drug is developed the first name it is given is its _____ name, based on it's _________ |
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Definition
| chemical, chemical composition |
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Term
| A drug is given a _______ name by the USAN (United states Adopted Name) council. It is shorter and simpler than the chemical name. |
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Definition
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Term
| The owner of the drug will give it a ____ name after the generic, and chemical names have been given. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to federal law, what information is required when giving a narcotic? |
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Definition
| pt. name, name and amount of narc., date and time used, physician name, nurse name, name of nurse who witnessed. |
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Term
| Where are narcotics kept? |
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Definition
| In a double locked drawer in the med cart or med room. |
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Term
| Who is responsible for the accurate count of narcotics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five rights? |
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Definition
| right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right patient. |
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Term
| If and when available, what can a nurse change when giving a medication? |
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Definition
| The nurse can change the form of drug, but can not change the route or dose. |
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Term
| When are the three checks performed? |
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Definition
| When reaching for container, immediately before pouring, when replacing container or when empty package is discarded. |
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