Term
What are the three stratified layers of the ocean and by what are they defined? |
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Definition
Surface zone (also mixed layer), pycnocline, deep zone. Defined by density. |
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Term
Which of the three Washington DC, England, or San Francisco has the warmest summer and why? |
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Definition
Washington DC, heat and moisture from the Gulf Stream. |
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Term
What is the result of wind blowing water horizontally? |
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Definition
Water comes up to replace the displaced water- this is upwelling |
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Term
Where is some of the most nutrient poor water and why? |
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Definition
In the open tropical ocean, strong layering isolates deep nutrient rich water |
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Term
What effect does downwelling have on the climate? |
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Definition
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Term
What is Langmuir circulation? |
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Definition
Vortexes on the surface of the water (rarely disturbs ocean below 20 meters) |
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Term
How often do the direction of the winds across the tropical Pacific reverse direction in the Southern Oscillation? |
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Definition
Irregular intervals of 3-8 years |
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Term
How long does a typical El Nino last? |
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Definition
A year, although some have lasted more than three |
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Term
How do ENSO events affect life around Peru? |
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Definition
The Peru current slows due to reversed flow of water reduces upwelling, reducing fish and seabirds. |
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Term
Okay...there are now five layers of the ocean. What are all five? |
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Definition
Surface water, Central Water, Intermediate Water, Deep Water, Bottom water |
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Term
What is the mixing and sinking process called? |
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Definition
CABALLSACKZZZZZZZ jk caballing |
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Term
Name the deep water masses. |
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Definition
Antarctic bottom water, north atlantic bottom deep water, Mediterranean deep water |
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Term
Order the waves from smallest to biggest with typical wavelength. |
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Definition
Capillary (up to 1.72cm), wind wave (60-150m), seiche (large, variable), seismic sea (200km), tide (half earth's circumference) |
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Term
What are signs of El Nino? |
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Definition
- Weakening Trade Winds - Increased Sea Surface Temperature in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific -positive Oceanic Nino Index of positive .5 or more |
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Term
What are signs of El Nina? |
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Definition
- Increased Strength of Trade Winds - Cooler Sea Surface Temperatures in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific - negative ONI -.5 or less |
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Term
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Definition
Oceanic Nino Index- based on the sea surface temperature difference from El Nino average 3.4 region. |
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Term
What makes an element conservative or nonconservative? |
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Definition
Elements that vary little in their profile are conservative. Non conservative means they change their redistribution faster than ocean mixing time of 1500 years |
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Term
Why more O2 and less Si, N, P, in deepest water at 6 km |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 4 parts of the Air Sea Heat Budget? |
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Definition
Short wave (solar) in, long wave (blackbody, IR) out, sensible (due to T difference) in or out, latent heat (cooling due to evaporation) out |
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Term
In what six seas does deep water form? |
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Definition
Sea of okthosk, labrador, greenland and norwegian, mediterranean sea, wedell sea, ross sea |
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Term
What are two equations for a deep water wave? |
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Definition
C=L/T, C=sqrt(gL/2pi) or 1.251(sqrtL) |
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Term
What's the equation for shallow water waves? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the two major oceans is older and what does that imply? |
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Definition
The Pacific is older, it's saturation horizon is shallower |
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Term
What classifies a deep water wave? |
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Definition
depth is greater than half it's length |
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Term
what makes a shallow water wave? |
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Definition
depth is less than its length/20 |
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Term
What waves are affected by the Coriolis effect? |
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Definition
All waves with periods over 20 seconds |
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Term
Why are south bay tides greater than golden gate tides? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the disturbing force of a seiche? |
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Definition
change in atmospheric pressure, storm surge |
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Term
what are three disturbing forces of tsunamis? |
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Definition
faulting of sea floor, volcanic eruption, landslide |
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Term
Are most tides diurnal or semidiurnal and what does it mean? |
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Definition
Most tides are semidiurnal. They peak twice in a day |
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Term
When do waves start to break? |
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Definition
when depth is shallower than wavelength/2 |
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Term
What is a drowned river mouth? |
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Definition
type of estuary formed when sea level rose into river mouths |
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Term
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Definition
Estuary formed when glaciers eroded u shaped trophs below sea level, deep w/steep sides |
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Term
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Definition
barrier islands/spit limit water intrusion. these are shallow, and mixed by wind |
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Term
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Definition
estuary formed by faulting or subsidence leads to coastal indentation |
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Term
Describe mixing scenario salt wedge |
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Definition
caused by rapid freshwater flow, tidal influence low to mod. |
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Term
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Definition
slow freshwater flow, mod to high tidal influence. tidal turbalence, mixes well |
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Term
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Definition
rapid freshwater flow, mod to high tidal influence. freshwater comes in goes a little on top |
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Term
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Definition
rapid freshwater, little tidal influence |
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Term
How old are the oldest sediments? |
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Definition
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Term
What are five important factors in forming sediments? |
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Definition
tectonic setting, proximity to continents, rate of production/delivery of material, rate of dissolution, chemical precipitation rates |
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Term
How do we learn about sediments? |
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Definition
sounding weights, echo sounders |
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Term
At what size does sedimentation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
at what temperature does biotic production of CAco3 occur? |
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Definition
5 degree celsius or higher |
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Term
what affects caco3 solubility and how does it affect it? |
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Definition
it increases with decreasing t and increasing p |
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Term
How does respiration affect the pH of the deep sea? |
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Definition
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Term
What does CCCD stand for? |
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Definition
Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth where rate of delivery equals rate of dissolution |
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Term
What are the two forms of CaCo3? |
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Definition
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Term
Is calcium conservative or nonconservative? |
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Definition
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Term
where are calcite and aragonite supersaturated? |
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Definition
calcite= shallower than 700m aragonite= shallower than 500m |
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Term
What are examples of siliceous organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
What are some calcareous organisms and what do their shells tell us? |
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Definition
Coccolithophores, foraminifera and pteropods. Shells show temperature and chemical conditions of water. climate recorders. |
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