Term
What is not a communicable disease?
-Tuberculosis
-Tetanus
-Hansen's disease
-Hepatitis B |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Bacterial Meningitis. |
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Definition
-can grow rapidly in the CSF because of a lack of leukocytes complement and antibodies present
-bacteria can get to the meninges through the blood
-causes severe, life-threatening inflammation in an enclosed space (the skull) |
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Term
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Definition
- Clostridium botulinum exotoxin blocking nerve impulse transmission to the muscles
-blocks the release of acetylcholine
-causes flaccid paralysis
-death caused by respiratory and cardiac failure |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by a virus that travels up the peripheral nerves to the brain
-is a Zoonosis
- Patients show spasms of muscles in mouth and throat
-a type of encephalitis
-animal bites a human -> multiplies in the connective tissues and muscle -> PNS -> CNS -> encephalitis |
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Term
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Definition
-initial polovirus occurs in throat and small intestine
-transmitted by the oral fecal route
- It sometimes spreads to the CNS via viremia
-only a small % are actually paralyzed
- has two vaccines
(1) SALK: inactive form, does not prevent GI tract infection but stims Ab production to prevent CNS infection
(2)SABIN: live whole virus vaccine, that prevents GI infection so viremia and CNS infection do not occur |
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Term
Which can be transmitted as Zoonosis?
-Hantavirus
-Salmonella typhi
-Brucella abortus
-Borrelia burgorferi
-Tuleremia |
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Definition
| All except Salmonella typhi |
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Term
| What are the steps in the development of Gas Gangrene? |
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Definition
1) Blood Supply to tissue is interrupted by wound, causing anaerobic conditions and cell death
2) Clostridium perfringens spores from the environment germinate in wound
3) Clostridium perf. kills and invades surrounding tissues
4) Clostridium perf. grows and multiplies on dead cell nutrients
5) Clostridium perf. ferments carbohydrates, producing CO2 and H2 |
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Term
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Definition
-causes retinitis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome patients
- Forms owl eye inclustions in infected cells
-infects and remains latent in monocytes
-can cause blindness |
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Term
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Definition
-protozan disease transmitted by reduviid bugs (aka kissing bugs)
-damages heart and nerves controlling peristalsis of esophagus or colon |
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Term
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Definition
- the protozoan that causes malaria
- transmitted by mosquitoes |
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Term
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Definition
- trematodes (flukes) that inhabit blood vessels for part of their life cycle
- eggs spread by blood and damage the lives, lungs, urinary bladder and/or brain |
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Term
| Describe African Trypanosomiasis |
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Definition
-AKA : African sleeping sickness
- transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly
-inhabits the blood the CSF then brain infection-> coma -> death |
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Term
What disease is this?
Slowly developing infection of the endocardium at a site of preexisting damage, usually on a heart valve; typically caused by mouth and throat microbiota |
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Definition
| - Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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Term
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Definition
| - inflammation of the sac around the heart |
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Term
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Definition
- a pseudo autoimmune complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infection pharyngitis (strep throat)
- immune response directed against streptococcal M protein deposited in heat and joints
- damage to heart valves predisposes a person to subacute bacterial endocarditis later on in life |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by the endospore-forming Bacillus anthracis
- zoonosis
-disease of grazing animals that is transmissible to humans
-can occur through skin, lungs or GI tract |
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Term
| How is the human plague acquired in the US? |
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Definition
| - Bites from fleas that have fed on wild rodents |
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Term
| What is the normal source of infectious microbes causing Otitis media? describe |
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Definition
-Normal microbiota of the oropharynx (throat)
-URT microbiota pass through esutacian tube causing infection |
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Term
| What causes most cases of acute pharyngitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the initial steps in Primary Tuberculosis infection? |
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Definition
1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis reaching the alveoli is ingested by macrophages
2) MT multiplies inside the macrophage, causing chemotatic response
3) Macrophage and other cells migrate to area, surround infected cells, forming tubercule
4) Surrounding macrophages can't kill MT but release enzymes and cytokines that cause lung damaging inflammation
5) After weeks, macrophages die releasing MT and forming caseous center int ubercle |
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Term
| Describe Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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Definition
| - lower respiratory infection called "Walking pneumonia" |
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Term
| Describe Haomophilus influenzae pneumonia |
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Definition
-normal URT micro invade lungs
-typical in ppl with alcoholism, cancer, diabetes and smoking
-requires special growth factors called satellites around the staph a |
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Term
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Definition
- some cases result in lower respiratory tract infections including pneumonia
- Genetic recombination/antigenic shift and drift
- Has lipid envelope and segmented RNA genome
-can cause viral pneumonia |
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Term
| What is Pneumocystis Pneumonia? |
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Definition
- fungus causing life-threatening lung infections in AIDS patients
-forms a thick-walled cyst in lungs and when cyst ruptures erleases intracystic bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| the cause of lyme disease, transmitted by ticks |
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Term
| What is Corynebacterium diphtheriae? |
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Definition
accumulation of pseudomembrae in throat
-grey membrane composed of fibrin and dead tissue and bacterial cells that can block air passage
produces exotoxin that can damage the heart and kidneys
-Diptheria- |
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Term
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Definition
-copious mucus accumulation, prolonged coughing with whoop on inhalation,
- causes whooping cough
-destroys ciliated cells |
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Term
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Definition
-can occur as a secondary infection following a primary viral infection
-Usually caused by normal or transient microbiota of the URT
- Often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haephilus influenza
- Typically an interstitial pneumonia rather than consolidated lobar pneumonia (viral form) |
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Term
| What are the steps of Periodontal disease? |
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Definition
1)Streptococcus mutans attaches to tooth
2) SM converts sugars to plaque
3) Plaque irritates gums, causing gingivitis
4) Gingivitis progresses to damage bone and cementum around root
5)Periodontal pockets form, separating tooth from gingivae |
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Term
| What are the steps in tooth decay? |
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Definition
1) Pellicle forms on tooth
2) Streptococcus mutans attaches to pellicle
3) SM converts sugars to plaque and lactic acid
4)Acid destroys tooth enamel
5) Bacteria invade interior of tooth |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens in food enter GI tract and invade tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of blood or mucous in stools, indicates tissue invasion by pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach and intestine |
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Term
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Definition
-grows in human small intenstine, produces exotoxin resulting in secretion of salts across mucosa, shock and death can result from huge water volume loss through diarrhea
-rice water stools |
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Term
| Describe Salmonella enterica |
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Definition
| Human infection acquired by handeling reptiles and handeling or eating birds (poultry) self-limiting infection of intestinal mucosa with pain crams and diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| double stranded DNA virus, transmitted parenterally or sexually can cause hepatisis and chronic liver disease including liver cancer, 5-10% of US pop has been infected |
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Term
Which of the following are transmitted by the fecal-oral route?
-Norovirus
-Campylobacter
-Polio
-Mumps |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-eggs shed in feces, embryonate in warm, moist soil, develop into larvae which penetrate bare human skin, larvae travel to lungs via lympth/blood, up the trachea into the throat, swallowed attach to wall of small intestine and feed on blood and tissue
-shed eggs into feces |
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Term
| What causes most cases of pyelonephritis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What usually causes bladder infections? |
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Definition
| normal microbiota of the lower digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
-transmitted by ingesting feces of an animal (dog/sheep/deer) thats infected
- eggs migrate to various tissues and form cyst
-when cyst ruptures leads to daughter cycts |
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Term
| Describe Ascaris lumbricoides |
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Definition
-eggs shed in person's feces
-then ingested by another person
-eggs hatch in upper intestine
-larvae pass into blood stream
- lungs
-throat
-re-swallowed for a new round of infection |
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Term
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Definition
-Giardia lamblia causes prolonged disease with dirrhea, malaise, nausea etc
-transmitted person to person and by drinking water contaminated with cysts from feces of wild animals
-cysts are resistant to chlorine =( |
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Term
| Describe Infectious mononucleoisis |
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Definition
-kissing disease, transmitted through salivia
-replication in parotid glands
fever, soar throat weakness, swollen lymph nodes
-causes B lymphocytes to transform into plasma cells with atypical nuclei
-they are then attacked by t lymphocytes
-virus remains latent in a small number of B cells |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by spiroochete bacterium Treponema pallidum
- diagnosed using an indirect flourescent antibodie test
-primary stage is characterized by hard-based painless lesion called chancre
-secondary: skin rashes, hair loss and fever
-tertiary - gummas |
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Term
| What is true of women and gonorrhea? |
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Definition
-primary site of infection is cervix
-most infections are asymptomatic
-can be transmitted to the eyes of an infant during childbirth
-complications can be severe, including PID |
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Term
Which of these is a sexually transmissible bacterial infection?
-Trichomoniasis
-Chlamydia cervicitis
-Codyloma acuminata |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| causes retnitis in AIDS patients |
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Term
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Definition
| the protozoan that causes malaria |
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Term
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Definition
-an autoimmune complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infection pharyngitis
-immune response directed against streptoccocal M protein deposited in heart and joints |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by Burcella abortus
-disease of livestock
-infection through skin-> ingested by macrophage -> multiply -> lymph nodes -> liver -> spleen/bone marrow -> undulating fever -> chronic infection |
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Term
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Definition
| -cause of Lyme Disease, transmitted by ticks |
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Term
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Definition
- from dried rodent droppings
- Fever, muscle pain
-after 4 days coughing, and shortness of breath -> pneumonia
-causes rapid progressive lung infection from dried rodent droppings, urine or salive |
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Term
| What are the three diferent causes of bacterial meningitis? |
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Definition
-Haemophilus influenzae
-Neisseria meningitidis
-Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by listeria monocytogenes
-lives in soil
-can divide in refridgerator temps
-adult infection is mild but in infants it can result in death |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by clostridium tetani
-the exotoxin binds to nerve cells and inhibit normal muscle contractions and terminate the relaxation pathway |
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Term
| What three bacteria cause 70% of bacterial menginitius cases? |
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Definition
-haemophilus influenzae
-streptococcus pneumoniae
-neisseria meningitidis |
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Term
| What are the three types of botulism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-caused by mycobacterium leprae
-grows in the peripheral nervous system and skin
-has never been grown on artificaial media, only in armadillos
-two types
1) tuberculoid form
2) epromatous form - in failed immune systems |
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Term
| What is Arboviral Encephalitis? |
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Definition
-caused by mosquito borne arboviruses ( birds horses)
-related to mosquito population |
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Term
| what is cryptococcus neoformans meningitis? |
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Definition
-yeastlike pathogen with huge capsule, widely distributed in soil and in pigeon droppings
-inhaled -> infects lungs -> blood stream -> brain & meninges |
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Term
| What is African Sleeping sickness? |
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Definition
-caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/rhodesiense
-the protozan is transmitted by the tsetse fly
-into blood by vector -> blood -> csf -> brain infection, coma, death |
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Term
| What is Amoebic menningoencephalitis? |
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Definition
-caused by naegleria fowleri
-acending infection form nsaopharynx through cribiform plate into brain
-acquired from swimming in warm water ponds
-100% fatal |
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Term
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Definition
| - a self replicating protein with no DNA/RNA |
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Term
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Definition
-an autoimmune complication of Streptococcus pyogenes infection pharyngitis
-immune response against streptoccocal M protien deposited in heart and joints
-buildup on mitral valves |
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Term
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Definition
-aka rabbit fever
- small gram negative rod that thrives inside phagocytic leukocytes
-ulcer at infection site -> regional lymph nosed enlarge and fill with puss -> if not contained by immune system then septecemia and pneumonia abscess throughout body |
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Term
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Definition
-an infection through contact with animals
-through ingestion, bites, contact with minor skin breaks
-transmission also through vectors(ticks and deer flies) |
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Term
| what are the three types of anthrax infections? |
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Definition
-gastrointestinal anthrax
-from ingesting undercooked foods -> eat anthrax spores causes nausea and pain and dirrhea
-cutaneous anthrax
-on skins
-pulmonary anthrax
-leads to pneumonia , septecimia and meningitis |
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Term
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Definition
| -death of soft tissue resulting from the loss of blood supply |
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Term
| what is the mechanism of gas gangrene? |
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Definition
| - ischemia -> necrosis -> gangrene -> substances released from dying and dead tissues provide nutriends for microbes -> clostridium from soil or feces infects tissue ->ferments carbs -> produces co2 and H2 -> gases swell tissues -> bacteria produce toxins and enzymes that further kill tissues ->toxemia -> septicemia -> death |
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Term
| What is Pasteurella multocida? |
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Definition
-most commonly found in mouths of cats and dogs
-local infection -> sever swelling -> pain -> septecmia and then pneumonia can develop |
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Term
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Definition
-gram negative rod
-caused by Yersinia pestis, usually found in rodents
-flees feed on infected rodent, gut becoms blocked with growth of bacteria -> bites human -> pustule -> bacteria enter blood&lymph -> proliferateinside phagocytes -> fever & enlarged lymph |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
-bulls-eye rash
-most important us reservoir are small mammals including field mice
- tickborne disease |
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Term
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Definition
| -innflammation of the endocardium |
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Term
| define Subacute bacterial endo carditis |
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Definition
| slowly developing infection of the endocardium at a site of preexisting damage or a valve; caused by mouth/throat microbiota |
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Term
| Define acute endocarditis |
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Definition
| rapidly progesssive endocardial infection caused by staph aureus |
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Term
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Definition
| innflammation of the sac around the heart |
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Term
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Definition
caused by rickettsias bacteria that infect endothelial cells of the vascular system
-has two types
(1) EPIDEMIC TYPHUS (rickettsia prowazekii)
(2)SPOTTED FEVER(rickettsia rickettsii) |
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Term
| what is Epstein-Barr Virus |
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Definition
- aka mono
-transmitted through saliva
-replicated in the parotid glands
-cytotoxic T- lymphocytes attack virus infected cells
-virus remains latent in small number of B cells |
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Term
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Definition
-infects and remains latent in monocytes, granulocytes and T-lymphocytes.
-carriers shed virus in saliva
-owl eye inclusions causes retinitis in AIDS patients |
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Term
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Definition
-as the CD4 T helper cell pop declines, opportunistic infectiosn begin to occur
- HIV infected people can making antibodies against the virus, but it is not protective
- in addition to HIV in the blood there are huge numbers in lymphoid tissues in latent or pro-virus form |
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Term
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Definition
-American trypanosomiasis
-caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
-a protozan found in animan reservoirs (rodents armadillos)
-can be contracted from the "kissing bug" Reduvidd where it bites the human then their feces gets rubbed into the bite wound and infects the blood |
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Term
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Definition
-number one cause of death among infectioud diseases worldwide
-transmitted by mosquitos
-part of complex life cycle of mosquitos
-starts with fever, chills headache
-clumping of RBC's in caps
-death of kidney and liver tissue
-lifelong recurrent infection |
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Term
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Definition
-when schistosoma spp (flukes) ihabit bloodstream for part of their life cycle
-lay eggs into intestine
-eggs spread by blood and lodge into tissue
-elicit defense reaction of human host
-granuloma
-damage to liver, lungs, urinary bladder and brain |
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Term
| What are the components of the URT? |
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Definition
nose
throat
middle ear
eustachian tubes
sinuses |
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Term
| What are the components of the LRT? |
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Definition
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by S. pyogenes in the throat
-produces erythrogenic toxin
0causes rash and strawberry tongue |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae
-infects throat, and produces tough grey membrane composed of fibrin, dead tissue and bacterial cells that can block air passage
-produces highly virulent exotoxin which damages the heart and kidneys, often fatal if untreated |
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Term
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Definition
-aka whooping cough
-caused by Bordetella perstussis
-bacteria attached to cillia cells and destroys them
-the perstussis toxin enters the bloodstream and causes systmeic disease |
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Term
| What are the initial steps in primary TB infection? |
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Definition
1-Mycobacterium tuberculosis reaches alveoli and ingested by macrophage
2-Mycobacterium multiplies inside macrophages, causing chemotactic response
3- Macrophages and other cells migrate to the area, surround infected cells, forming tubercule
4- surrounding macrophages can't kill mycobacterium but release enzymes and cytokines that surround lung damage
5-after weeks, macrophages die, releasing mycobacterium and forming caseous center in tuberclue |
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Term
| Describe Bacterial pneumonia |
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Definition
- sometimes occurs as a secondary infection following a primary viral
infection
-usually caused by normal or trasient microbiota of the URT
- often caused by strep p or heamophilus influenzae
-bacteria can spread into pleural cavitya and the blood
-typically results in consolidation of at least one lobe of the lung
-the bacteria can spread into the pleural cavity and then the blood |
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Term
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Definition
- acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
-caused by prevotella intermedia |
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Term
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Definition
| - pathogens enter GI tract,and multiply may penetrate mucose and blood and other organs |
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Term
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Definition
| -ingestion of a preformed toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| -intoxication caused by ingesting staph a entertoxin produced in food |
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Term
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Definition
- caused by shigella
-causes mild to sever dysentery
-grows in small intestine mucosa
-blood in stool |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by salmonella enterica
-infectis mucosa
-usually self limiting
-can cause sepetcimia
-human infection acquired by handeling reptiles or handeling birds, self-limiting with pain cramps and loose poopie |
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Term
| What is Salmonella typhi fever |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
-caused by Vibro cholerae
-grows in small intestine
produces exotoxin resulting in salts accross mucosa
-shock and death caused by direhhea |
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Term
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Definition
-lives in large intestine
acquired from meat or milk
-some strains cause hermorrhagic collitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by Giardia lamblia
-protozoan disease
-causes all typical gi issues |
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Term
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Definition
-painfull swelling of parotid glands
-transmitted by salavia
-prevented by MMR
-can cause problems with testes and ovaries |
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Term
| Describe Cryptosporidiosis |
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Definition
- caused by ingesting cryptosporidium parvum oocysts
-from contaminated water or person2person
-causes sevear dirrhea which can be life threatening to AIDS patients |
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Term
| What causes amoebic dysentery? |
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Definition
-entamoeba histytica cysts
-transmitted via food or water |
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Term
| What does Taenia and Diphyllobothrium cause? |
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Definition
-they are tapeworms (cestodes)
-ingested usually with beef, pork or fish living in the muscle
-attach to intestine with hooks and grows and produces eggs |
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Term
| What does Echinococcus granulosus cause? |
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Definition
-tapework
-causes Hydatid disease
-humans get it from dogs that ingested the worm from ingesting muscle from sheep or deer
-humans are dead end host
-hydatid cysts can repture releasing daughter cysts |
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Term
| What does enterobius vermicularis do? |
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Definition
- they are pin worms
-live in intestine and migrate to anus at night to lay eggs |
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Term
| What does Necator and Ancylostoma do? |
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Definition
-"hookworms"
-eggs in feces in warm moist soil develop into larvae
-penetrate skin and travel to lungs
-worms pass up trachea into throat and is swallowed
-attached to small intestine and feeds
-can cause anemia is lots are living in intestine |
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Term
| What does Ascarus lumbricoide do? |
|
Definition
-causes ascariasis
-eggs are shed in feces
-ingested
-worms can migrate out of nose,anus and mouth |
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Term
| What does Trichinella spiralis cause? |
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Definition
-Trichinosis
-ingested muscle of hogs
-cyst wall removed in intestine
-adult work lives in mucose of intestine and produce larvae
-localize in diaphram and eye muscles |
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