1 Glucose breaks down into

two ____ molecules. 

Pyruvate

Media in Starch Hydrolysis Test

Starch Agar (in pour plate)

Media in Lipid Hydrolysis test

Tributyrin agar (on pour plate)

3 types of Media in CHO Fermentation test

(carbohydrate = CHO)

1)    Lactose broth

2)    Dextrose broth

3)    Sucrose broth

**all 3 contain phenol red (pH indicator)

Media in Indole Production test

SIM agar deep tube  (solid)

Media in Hydrogen Sulfide test

SIM Agar deep tube

Media in Methyl Red test

MR-VP broth

**MR=methyl red, VP=Voges-Proskauer

Media in Voges-Proskauer test

MR-VP broth

**MR=methyl red, VP=Voges-Proskauer

Media in Citrate Utilization test

Simmons Citrate Agar

(slant)

Media in H₂S Production test

(hydrogen sulfide test)

SIM agar

(deep stab)

Media in Urea Activity test

Urea broth

**urea contains N, found in amino acids

Media found in Litmus Milk Reaction test

Litmus Milk Broth

Media in Nitrate Reduction test

Nitrate broth

Media in Catalase Activity test

Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA)

(slant tube)

Reagent for Carb Fermentation test

NO REAGENT

Reagent for Catalase Activity test

3% H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide)

3-4 drops used

Reagent in Nitrate Reduction test

Nitrate A: Sulfanilic acid

Nitrate B: α-naphthylamine

then...

Zinc - only used if (-) for nitrite

Reagent for Litmus Milk Reaction test

NO REAGENT

Reagent in Hydrogen Sulfide test

NO REAGENT

Reagent in Voges-Proskauer test

10 drops each of

Barritt's Reagent

Reagent in Indole Production test

Kovak's Reagent

10 drops

Reagent in Urease test

No Reagent

Reagent in Citrate Utilization test

No Reagent

Reagent in Methyl Red test

Methyl Red indicator

5 drops

Reagent in Starch Hydrolysis test

Grams Iodine

Reagent in Lipid Hydrolysis test

No reagent

Enzyme(s) in Indole Production test

tryptophanase

(Quinoidal red-violet compound)

Enzyme(s) in H₂S test

Cystein desulferase

+

Thiosulfate reductase

Enzyme(s) in Voges-Proskauer test

alpha naphthol (VPA)

+

40% KOH (VPB)

Enzyme(s) in Citrate Utilization test

Citrase

Enzyme(s) in Urease test

Urease

Enzyme(s) in Starch Hydrolysis test

Amylase

+

Maltase

Enzyme(s) in Lipid Hydrolysis test

Esterases (lipases)

Enzyme(s) in Litmus Milk Reaction test

beta-galactodiase (Lactose)

~or~

proteolytic enzymes (casein peptonization)

Enzyme(s) in Nitrate Reduction test

Nitrate Reductase

Enzyme(s) in Catalase Activity test

Catalase

End product(s) of Indole Production test

indole

End product(s) of H₂S test

H₂S

(hydrogen sulfide)

End product(s) of Methyl Red test

lactic, formic or acetic acid

End product(s) of Voges-Proskauer test

AcetylMethylCarbinal

Mr. Voges & Mr. Proskauer are the VPs of AMC

End product(s) of Citrate Utilization test

pyruvic acid, acetic acid & CO₂

End product(s) of Urease test

CO₂, H₂O & NH₃

End product(s) of Starch Hydrolysis test

glucose

End product(s) of Lipid Hydrolysis test

Glycerol

+

3 fatty acids

End product(s) of CHO Fermentation test

pyruvate

Oxygen Requirements

What type of M/O grows throughout agar and on surface?

Facultative Anaerobe

Oxygen Requirements

What type of M/O grows mostly just below the surface of the agar?

Microaerophile

Oxygen Requirements

What type of M/O grows evenly throughout agar, but not on surface?

Aerotolerant

Oxygen Requirements

What type of M/O grows on

surface of agar only??

Aerobe

Oxygen Requirements

What type of M/O grows

on bottom of agar tube only?

Anaerobe

Temp Requirements

What type of M/O grows

at 4°-20°C ?

Psychrophile

Temp Requirements

What type of M/O grows

at 20°-37°C ?

 Mesophile

(human pathogens grow at 37º)

(i.e., E. coli)

Temp Requirements

What type of M/O grows

at 37°+ 60ºC ?

Facultative Thermophile

Temp Requirements

What type of M/O

grows at ≥60°C ?

Obligate Thermophile

(i.e., B. stearothermophilus)

Indicator in Starch Hydrolysis test

Iodine

(binds to starch but not to glucose)

Indicator in Lipid Hydrolysis test

tributyrin emulsion in the agar

Indicator in Carb Fermentation test

Phenol Red

(pH indicator)

Indicator in Indole Production test

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Indicator in Methyl Red test

Methyl Red

(a pH indicator)

Indicator in Voges-Proskauer test

Barrits Reagents

(VPA + VPB)

Indicator in Citrate Utilization test

bromothymol blue

(a pH indicator)

Indicator in Hydrogen Sulfide test

Ferrous Sulfate

Indicator in Urea Activity test

phenol red

Indicator in Litmus Milk test

Litmus

(a pH indicator)

Indicator in Nitrate Reduction test

Nitrate A (sulfanic acid)

Nitrate B (alpha-naphthylamine)

then

Zinc - if 1^st two are negative

Indicator in Catalase Activity test

Bubbles upon addition of H₂O₂

(hydrogen peroxide)

Substrate in Starch Hydrolysis test

Starch

Substrate in Lipid Hydrolysis test

lipid triglycerides

Substrate in Carb Fermentation test

carbohydrate in the broth

Substrate in Indole Production test

Tryptophan

(amino acid)

Substrate in Methyl Red test

Glucose

Substrate in Voges-Proskauer test

Acetic Acid

Substrate in Citrate Utilization test

citrate

Substrate in Hydrogen Sulfide test

Peptone

+

Sodium Thiosulfate

Substrate in Urea Activity test

Urea

Substrate in Litmus Milk test

Lactose or Casein

Substrate in Nitrate Reduction test

Nitrate

Substrate in Catalase Activity test

Hydrogen Peroxide

Inhibitor in Starch Hydrolysis test

no inhibitor

Inhibitor in PEA Agar

ethyl alcohol

(partially inhibits Gram(-) by disrupting lipids in outer membrane)

Inhibitor in MSA

Salt

(inhibits most M/Os other than Staph)

Inhibitor in MacConkey Agar

(MAC)

bile salts

+

Crystal Violet Dye

Inhibitor in Eosine Methylene Blue

(EMB plate)

Eosine

+

Methylene Blue

Blood Agar

What is whitish/grey growth

with no change in media?

 Gamma hemolysis

(no lysis of RBC in agar)

(i.e., Staph. epidermidis)

Blood Agar

What is a clear zone in the agar

around the microbial growth?

Beta hemolysis

(i.e., Streptococcus pyogenes)

Blood Agar

What is green coloration

of the blood agar?

 Alpha hemolysis

(partial lysis of RBCs)

(i.e., E. coli)

Indicator in DNase Test

Toluidine Blue

(breakdown of DNA = rose color zone)

EMB agar selects for _____

Gram (-) bacteria

EMB agar inhibits ____

Gram (+) bacteria

Inhibitor in EMB agar is:

Eosine & Methylene Blue

E. coli growth appears what color on EMB agar?  

Green sheen growth

(the agar itself will have a grape color)

2 types of Enriched Media are:

Blood media

+

Yeast extract media

What type of M/Os grow on blood agar?

Fastidious

Blood agar

The zone of clearing indicates ___lysis, the breakdown of red blood cells (erythrocytes).

Hemolysis

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"NY"

Nystatin

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"P"

Penicillin

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"S"

Streptomycin

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"GM"

Gentamycin

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"TE"

Tetracycline

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"C"

Chloramphenicol

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"Va"

Vancomycin

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"TMP"

Trimethoprim

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUG

SYMBOL

"G" (with a tail)

Sulfonamide

(The Doreen Special - inside joke :-)

MacConkey Agar

INHIBITORS

and what do they inhibit?

Inhibitors: bile salts + Crystal Violet Dye

They inhibit Gram (+)

Gram (+) are NON-fermenters

(The Doreen Special - inside joke :-)

MacConkey Agar

FERMENTATION

what color will fermenters turn media?

PINK

(Lactose has been fermented by

Gram - bacteria, selective for E. coli)

(The Doreen Special - inside joke :-)

MacConkey Agar

INDICATOR is....

Neutral Red Indicator

MSA PLATE

What organism is a fermenter, showing yellow zone of hydrolysis?

Staph. aureus

PEA plate

What type of organism is being inhibited where growth is clear or non-existent?

Gram (-) such as E. coli

(PEA selective for Gm(+) like S. aureus)

Nitrate A indicator

also known as:

SULFANIC ACID

Nitrate B indicator

also known as:

alpha-naphthylamine

Nitrate Reduction

Positive result is what color,

indicating what end product?

Positive is red, indicating NITRITE

after adding Nitrate A + Nitrate B.

After Zinc is added, media turns yellow,

indicating Ammonia presence.

VPA is also known as:

alpha naphthol

VPB is also known as:

40% KOH

Define plasmid

Circular piece of DNA that can be passed from M/O to M/O or artificially inserted during genetic transformation

Enzyme that enables bacteria to cleave Beta-Lactam antibiotics, making the M/O antibiotic resistant is....?

Beta-lactamase

In Genetic Transformation, the bacteria's AMP gene codes for what enzyme?

Beta-lactamase

How do chemotherapeutics work?

Disruption of cell membrane/wall

~or~

Inhibition of  protein synthesis

Synergistic result on MH plate reading appears how?

2 zones of clearing which

join in the middle

Additive result on MH plate reading appears how?

2 separate zones of clearing

Appearance of Bile eschulin slant tubes for positive result?

Dark brown/black

(E. faecalis)

Bacitracin test: zone of clearing indicates which group of Strep?

Group A Strep

like S. pneumoniae