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Intro to Logic Chap 2
Terms and people
41
Philosophy
Undergraduate 1
01/18/2008

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Term
Language
Definition
Rule governed system of communication that uses spoken/written/symbols.
Term
Communication
Definition
Process of interaction through creating or exchanging ideas/meanings.
Term
Symbol
Definition
Human invention that stands for something else.
Term
Sign
Definition
This is the effect of a natural process.
Term
Alphabet
Definition
Letters used to create words, words used to create sentences which create our form of communication.  "Alphabet Effect" is where it is believed that the creation of the alphabet aided in the creation of logic and science.
Term
Phonological Rules
Definition
Specify Pronunciation
Term
Semantic
Definition
Meaning of words
Term
Syntax
Definition
This is the set of rules for regulating how words are used/combined to create new styles of sentences.
Term
Pragmatics
Definition
Proper interpretation with the different contexts.
Term
Functions
Definition
Uses of language.
Term
Informative
Definition
This is informing of facts.
Term
Interrogative
Definition
This is asking questions.
Term
Normative
Definition
Using morals to judge something or saying whether something is good or bad.
Term
Emotive
Definition
This is the emotion, using metaphors/similes.
Term
Directive
Definition
Giving orders
Term
Performative
Definition
Someone performs an action just by saying something.
Term
Ceremonial
Definition
Ritual or non-literal use in certain cultures for ceremonies and such.
Term
Metaphor
Definition
Implied comparison
Term
Simile
Definition
Comparison made using like or as.
Term
Vagueness
Definition
This is a word that may not have precise criteria for usage and may have more than one meaning, but differing through context.
Term
Penumbra
Definition
This is the gray area that is hard to see if a word applies.
Term
Ambiguity
Definition
This is when a word has 2 or more meanings.
Term
Connotation
Definition
Ideas associated with the word.
Term
Lexical
Definition
Dictionary form of connotation.
Term
Stipulative
Definition
This is either a new word or a new definition of a word.
Term
Persuasive
Definition
This is a way to define words that will convince someone to feel a certain way or lean towards a particular point of view.
Term
Precising
Definition
This is where the lexical definition is used, but more information is added to narrow the scope so that it covers the required criteria.
Term
Theoretical
Definition
Used for scientific or philosophical purposes.
Term
Synonym
Definition
Using a word that has the same meaning.
Term
Ostensive Definition
Definition
Actually pointing at the item.
Term
Operational Definition
Definition
This is performing an action to show the meaning of something.
Term
Genus/Difference
Definition
This definition is for more complex possibly scientific words.  This is using a large class and placing the item in it and then discussing what is different about it compared to everything else or what is unique about it.
Term
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Definition
This says the content of the language determines how we think and percieve things in our environment.
Term
Mokusatsu
Definition
This was the incidence in which during WWII, the U.S. asked Japan to surrender and the minister was using this word to state that the government was considering the surrender.  The translator used the definition that the Japanese government was ignoring the surrender and this led to the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima.
Term
Dr. Fox Hypothesis
Definition
Also known as the "Bafflegab Theory".  This is where a speaker/writer uses irrational speech/writing with fancy words and good grammar to win over an audience/reader.  Even though the content is illogical, the group will favor the writing/speech.
Term
Attitudes
Definition
This is where you can try and change someone's thinking or feeling of a subject through the context of what you write/speak or portray how you think or feel on the topic.
Term
Johannes Gutenberg
Definition
The movable type printing process was made by him around 1450.
Term
Erich Von Daniken
Definition
Felt that the Nazca Lines were a landing place for UFO's.  He had a feeling that aliens had visited before also, because of the gods that are so prevalent in past cultures.
Term
Helen Keller
Definition
This is a blind and deaf person who wrote several books after her teacher Anne Sullivan taught her communication in the form of sign language.
Term
Marshal McLuhan
Definition
He came up with the theory about the "Alphabet Effect" feeling that the creation of the alphabet is actually what helped us develop science and logic.
Term
Carl Sagan
Definition
He argued with Daniken's theory about aliens visiting earth.  He said that for extroadinary claims you need extroardinary evidence.  He said that Daniken didn't have the required evidence.  He felt that aliens were out there, but they hadn't ever visited earth.
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