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Intro to Islam Mid-Term
Vocabulary, important dates etc.
61
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/22/2010

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Term
Caliph
Definition
Literally, one who comes afterwards. The leaders of the Muslim community, after Muhammad.
Term
Dhimmi
Definition
Non-Muslims living under Muslim rule; protected status.
Term
Fard 'ayn
Definition
Individual duty, required of each Muslim.
Term
Fard kifaya
Definition
Collective duty, incumbent upon the community as a whole.
Term
Fatwa
Definition
A non-binding legal opinion, rendered by a mufti (person who renders a legal opinion)
Term
Fiqh
Definition
Jurisprudence, legal discourse, knowledge
Term
Fitna
Definition
Civil discord.
Term
Fuqaha
Definition
Jurists; those trained in the discipline of fiqh.
Term
Furu
Definition
The application of the law, as opposed to its sources (usul)
Term
Hadith
Definition
A recounting of authoratative actions or sayings, words and deeds of the prophet as collected by his companions. 2 famous books are Al-Bukhari and Muslim.
Term
Hanafis
Definition
Most widespread of the four schools of Sunni law, dominant in Turkey, Eastern Med and South Asia.
Term
Hanbalis
Definition
Least widespread of the four Sunni schools of law, dominant in Arabian peninsula.
Term
Haram
Definition
Forbidden; one of the five values of legal action.
Term
Harb
Definition
War in the generic sense, not necessarily Jihad.
Term
Ijma
Definition
Consensus, usually of the scholars; the third authoritative source for Islamic Law, after Koran and Sunna.
Term
Ijtihad
Definition
The exhaustive effort of a jurist (mujtahid) in investigating and deducing the law in a novel or unprecedented case.
Term
Imam
Definition
The leader of prayer or a congregation; a political leader.
Term
Jihad
Definition
A lawful and legitimate war against non-muslims or, at times, muslims; any legitimate and just struggle.
Term
Jizya
Definition
Tax imposed upon non-muslim subjects living under muslim rule.
Term
Madhhab
Definition
School of law, group of scholars sharing a common outlook on sources and their interpretation.
Term
Makruh
Definition
Disapproved, reprehensible, one of the five legal categories.
Term
Malikis
Definition
One of the four Sunni schools of law, dominant in North and West Africa.
Term
Mubah
Definition
Allowable, indifferent, one of the five legal categories.
Term
Mufti
Definition
A jurisconsult, authoritative person who renders a legal opinion (fatwa) in response to a query.
Term
Mujtahid
Definition
A jurist who performs ijtihad or is qualified to perform ijtihad.
Term
Qadi
Definition
A judge in an Islamic legal court.
Term
Qiyas
Definition
Reasoning by analogy, In Islamic law, jurists extend legal rulings by deriving the principle from one rule and applying that principle to another, analogous, situation.
Term
Koran
Definition
God's revelation to the Prophet Muhammad from the years 610-632 C.E.; the most authoritative document in Islam.
Term
Shafi'is
Definition
One of the four Sunni schools of law, dominant in Egypt and Southeast Asia.
Term
Shari'a
Definition
Islamic law; the correct path of action as determined by God.
Term
Shi'is, Shi'a
Definition
A Muslim sect that differs from Sunnis in several ways, especially their veneration of the prophet's family, Imami Shi
Term
Sufi
Definition
One concerned with the esoteric side of religious belief, a mystic.
Term
Sunna
Definition
The second authoritative source for Muslims; the correct way of doing things; the Prophet's exemplary action as recorded in hadith.
Term
Sunni
Definition
The majority sect of Muslims, as opposed to Shi'i.
Term
Sura
Definition
One of the 114 chapters of the Qur'an.
Term
Tafsir
Definition
Interpretation, usually of the Qur'an.
Term
Ulema
Definition
Religious scholars, literally the people of knowledge.
Term
Umma
Definition
Muslim community, supercedes all other loyalties.
Term
Usul al-fiqh
Definition
Theoretical literature concerning authoritative sources, literally roots of jurisprudence.
Term
When was Muhammad born?
Definition
570
Term
When was Muhammad given the command to "Recite!"?
Definition
610
Term
When did Muhammad perform the hijra? (Emigration from home town of Mecca to Medina)
Definition
622
Term
When did the unification of Mecca and Medina occur?
Definition
630
Term
What year did Muhammad die?
Definition
632
Term
When did the "four rightly guided caliphs" (Rashidun) begin?
Definition
632
Term
Who is Abu Bakr?
Definition
The first caliph
Term
When did Abu Bakr come to power?
Definition
632
Term
Who is Umar?
Definition
the second caliph
Term
When did Umar come to power?
Definition
634
Term
Who is Uthman?
Definition
The third caliph
Term
When did Uthman come to power?
Definition
644
Term
Who is Ali?
Definition
son-in-law of Muhammad and fourth caliph
Term
When did Ali come to power?
Definition
656
Term
When did Ali die?
Definition
661
Term
When did the Muslims invade Egypt?
Definition
642
Term
When did the capital move to Damascus under Mu'awiya?
Definition
661
Term
Who is Mu'awiya's son?
Definition
Yazid
Term
When did the Umayyad empire begin?
Definition
680
Term
When did the Abbasid revolution begin and end?
Definition
747-750
Term
When was Baghdad founded?
Definition
762
Term
What is Ramadan?
Definition
-occurs during month of Ramadan
-lasts 40 days
-fasting from sunup to sundown, no food, water, cigarettes or sex.
-Is in the Qur'an
-Many social gatherings and feasts at night after sundown.
-Shi'i tradition to tell the story of Hussein's (Muhammad's Grandson) death.
-Ends with Eid al-Fitr (Eid) feast to celebrate the end of fasting.
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