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| How can a group-such as two or more nations-serve its collective interests when doing so requires its members to forgo their individual interests. |
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| Individual, Domestic, Interstate, Global |
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| Created by Woodrow Wilson after WWI but US doesn’t join and adapts a policy of isolationism. 63 Countries join .. 14 point plan |
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| in order to combat communism @ end of ww2, monetary support to help rebuild European countries |
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| The idea that there is no central government governing the world and that countries run better under this anarchy. |
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| GDP, Military, Territory, Natural Resource, Population |
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| Ideaology, Nationalism, Religion, Information, Legitimacy |
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| anything that a country does to make itself more secure will often make it less secure. This is because its actions will make other countries more likely to fear it and want to attack it before it gets too strong. |
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| The peoples ability to vote and make decisions for the own countries |
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| A soviet Led Eastern European military Alliance, founded in 1955 and disbanded in 1991. Opposed the NATO alliance. During the Cold War |
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| : important actors are the states. Their core principals are based off of self-interest for the short-term power politics. They believe in a system function off of anarchy. Their outcomes are geared towards the idea that there will always be conflict. |
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| the formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor; sometimes seen as presupposing the existence of a universal organization. For example the United Nations |
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: Asks how states construct their interests through their interactions with another, broader social relations
a. Logic of appropriateness: how should I behave in this situation?
b. Look at human consequences
c. Identities and ideas- norm interpreters
d. Example: why does US see N. Korea as a threat but Not England? Because England has a shared history/alliance/ norms that say they are not a big threat |
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| Social Construction/Socialization |
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the process of changing state identities that arises from interactions with other states
a. Example: Europe is a continent that was the center of two military conflicts in the first half of the 20th century that killed millions, by the end of the century, war became unthinkable. The identities are now intertwined with the European Union, not with violent Nationalism. |
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| Difference vs. Liberal vs. Postmodern Feminism |
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a. Difference: differences celebrated- women better at group decision making, ect
b. Liberal feminism: men and women completely equal
c. Postmodern feminism: differences arbitrary and flexible |
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| peace that resolves the underlying reason of war – peace that is not just a cease-fire. |
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| Government Bargaining Model/ Bureaucracies Policy |
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| foreign policy decisions flow from a bargaining process among various gov’t agencies that have somewhat divergent interests in the outcome. |
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| When a leader or state decided that they have come to far to go back |
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| How could we be sure that a person conformed when there was no correct answer? Asch (1951) devised what is now regarded as a classic experiment in social psychology, whereby there was an obvious answer to a line judgement task. |
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groups of peoeple who share a commom interest in the outcome of some political issue and who organize themselves to try to influence the outcome.
a. I.e French farmers, ethnic groups, may or may not coincide with govt |
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| celebration of a nations individuality customs and norms |
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form of nationalism which is geared toward getting land back, can lead to conflict
a. For example, after Isreal and Egypt made peace in 1978 it took them a decade to settle a border dispute at Taba, a plot of beachfront on which Israeli developers had built a hotel slightly cross border |
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| Conflict and Control of Govt |
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conflicts of which government rules which states
a. Example- the civil wars in Angola Afghanistan and Nicarauga – both superpowers poured money into weapons and military into influencing who control the govt’s |
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| Palestinian territory, partially under Israeli occupation and partially under the government of the Palestinian National Authority, the temporary leading body of the state of Palestine. |
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| Economic conflicts lead to violence much less often, because positive gains from economic activated are more effective inducements than negative threats of violence. |
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| The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. |
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| Small country with weak government and largest militaryout of anyone |
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political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscrimnatley
a. IE. IRA, Al Qaeda, ETA |
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a. Development of World Federation
b. Peace depends on Govt
c. Trade = Peace |
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| Dominance, Reciprocity, Identity |
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Solutions to collective goods problem
a. dominance = power heirrchy where top controls bottom, hegemon
b. reciprocity = rewards behavior that contributes to group, punishes behavior that pursues self interest i.e world trade organization
c. identity = no self interest, all bsed off of benefiting the common identity |
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a war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly
a. US backs the etheopian govt and the oviets backed the somalian government in the 1970’s- however when an etheopian revolution caused the new govt to seek soviet help US switched side. |
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| a. Realism= power politics, humans naturally self interested, rational actors, states are primary actors, intl system is anarchic, primary goal=achieve and maintain security, level of power determined by capitalists |
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| b. Idealism= emphasis on intl law, intl organizations, human nature Is basically good, peace and cooperation possible, community of states, principles of IR flow from morality, rationality insufficient |
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| Relative Power vs Absolute Power |
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| a. Relative power, as opposed to absolute power, is the percieved amount of power one person or entity has in relation to another person or entity. |
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a. Multipolarity, bipolar, unipolar
b. More reciprocity, split hierarchies, more dominance |
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a. example: india denoting underground nuclear explosion and Pakistan follows
india cooperate Pakistan cooperate (3,3) India cooperate, pakistan defect (1,4)
India defect, Pakistan cooperate (4,1) India defect, Pakistandefect (2,2)
i. can use payoff matrix |
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the holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the int’l system so that it can single-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which int’l political and economic relations are constudted.
a. i.e= Britian in the 19th century- predominance followed the defeat of its archrival France in the Napoleonic Wars. Both world trade and naval capabilitieswere firmly in british hands as bitannia ruled the waves. |
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| important actors are states. Their core principals are the long term effects, self interest, reciprocity and int’l regimes. Their int’l system is a system of anarchy the outcomes of optimistic cooperation. |
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| no democracies will fight each other |
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an approach that denied the existence of a single fixed reality and pays attentin to texts and to discourses – that is to how ppl write and talk about a subject
a. I.E= The Soviet Union was treated by realists as a single actor with a single set of objective interests, but the Soviets split into 15 pieces each containing own fractions and elements – because of divergent experiences of constitutent republics , ethnic groups ad individuals |
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a branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches.
a. IE= China Revolution- where mau zedong’s communists took power in 1949 on a Leninist platform adapted to the largely peasent-based movement they led. Mao declared that china “has stood up” |
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| Rational model of Decision Making |
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a model in which decision makers calculate the costs and benefits of each possible course of action then choose the one with the highest benefits and lowest cost.
a. I.E President Harry Truman dropping the bomb on Hiroshima |
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| Optimizing vs Satisficing |
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Bounded Rationality
a. Picking the very best solution
b. Finding a satifactory solution |
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| two sides in a conflict maintaining very similar enemy images of each other (we are defensive, they are aggressive) _ Part of Cognitive Balance |
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formal withdrawal from an association by a group discontented with the actions or decisions of that association. The term is generally used to refer to withdrawal from a political entity; such withdrawal usually occurs when a territory or state believes itself justified in establishing its independence from the political entity of which it was a part. By doing so it assumes sovereignty.
a. IE = withdrawal (1860–61) of the 11 Southern states from the United States to form the Confederacy. |
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| Israel, Egypt, Syria and Jordan were the major combatants in the Six-Day War. Shared desire on the part of the surrounding Arab states to eliminate Israel and erase the shame of their defeat 19 years earlier when they failed to destroy the nascent Jewish state. |
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| weapons of mass destruction |
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Non-Proliferation Treaty – 1968 – control the spread of nuclear materials
a. India and Pakistan haven’t joined yet |
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a. Terrorism is only in US
b. Terrorism occurs because of religion
c. Only non-state actors are terrorists |
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neorealist, anarchy
a. Human nature = humans are not bad, the existence of anarchy creates power politics |
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a. Terrorism is only in US
b. Terrorism occurs because of religion
c. Only non-state actors are terrorists |
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| establishes the principals of independent, sovereign states that continue to shape the int’l system today. These rules balanced the power of another state so that it could not gobble up smaller units and create a universal empire. |
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| authorized coalition force from thirty-four nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of the State of Kuwait. |
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is the property of a good or a commodity whose individual units are capable of mutual substitution, such as crude oil, wheat, precious metals or currencies.
a. For example, if someone lends another person a $10 bill, it does not matter if they are given back the same $10 bill or a different one, since currency is fungible; if someone lends another person their car, however, they would not expect to be given back a different car, even of the same make and model, as cars are not fungible. |
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oppose and deter societ lead power in Europe with 38 members during Cold War
a. Recent problem : European union formed outside NATO |
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set of rules norms and procedyres that cover a certain issue area
a. Each state plays by same rules in different subject & has more effective communication
b. Neoliberalists |
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| Cooperation under Anarchy |
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| cooperation because of reciprocity and reliance on self help and caring about other states |
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| poverty, hunger and oppression – structure of social relations rather than direct actions such as shooting people. |
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| Organizational Process Model |
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a decision-making modein which policy makers or lower lever officials rely largely on standardized responses or standard operating procedures
a. US State Department receives more than a thousand reports or inquiries from its embassies around the world and sends out more than a thousand instructions or responses to those embassies. They are not seen by the secretary of the state or the president but instead handles by low level decision makers who apply general principal |
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| the rationality of individual cost-benefit calculations is undetermined by emotions that decision makers feel while thinking about the consequences of their actions |
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tendency for groups to reach decisions without accurately assessing their consequences because the individual members tend to go aong with ideas they think others supoport.
a. IE= President Ronald Reagan’s close friend and director of the US CIA bypassed his own agency and ran covert operations spanning three continents using the NSC staff in the whitehouse basement/ |
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| Diversionary foreign policy |
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policies developed under time of domestic difficulty
a. IE=9/11 |
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war for control of world order
i. Ie ww2 |
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warfare by one state waged to conquer or occupy anoth
i. I.e = Napoleonic ward |
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includes military actions carried out to gain some obective short of the surrender and occupation of enemy
i. US-led war against Iraq in 1991 retook the territory of Kuwait but didn’t go on to Baghdad to topple Sadaam Hussein’s govt |
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War between factions within a state trying to create or prevent a new govt
i. IE= US Civil war of 1870’s |
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| Kosovo, experiences the worst ethnic violence in the regions since the 1999 war. Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia fight |
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| territorialorial dispute over the ownership of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands located in the South China Sea. States staking claims to various islands are: the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Brunei. All except Brunei occupy some of the islands. The Spratly Islands are important for a number of reasons: the Spratly area holds significant reserves of oil and natural gas. |
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The six-party talks aim to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program –
N. Korea, S. Korea, China, USA, Russia, Japan |
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| Israeli Palestinian Conflict |
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| Zionists, they represented an extremist minority of the Jewish population. Their goal was to create a Jewish homeland, and they considered locations in Africa and the Americas, before settling on Palestine. |
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