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| Learning (definition and example) |
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Definition
the ability of a system to adapt its behavior appropriately on the basis of its experience Feed a rat always on right of maze – if rat goes right, it learned, if rat goes left it’s dumb |
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Term
| Associationism was developed by ______________. |
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Definition
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| What three ideas is associationism based on? |
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Definition
Empiricism Atomism Connectionism |
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Definition
the doctrine that everything we know is learned through personal experience, and that the mind starts blank People cannot imagine elementary sensations such as color or taste that we have not experienced. |
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| The alternate position ot associationism is __________. It states that the content of the mind comes from both ____________ and ___________. |
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Definition
Nativism learning and innate factors |
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Definition
| the belief that the mind consists of parts, or atoms, such as elementary ideas, sensations ,or images that come from experience |
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| the theory that these mental elements/atoms become connected with each other by bonds called associations and that all complex mental phenomena depend on these combinations |
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| 4 Ways to Make Connections |
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Definition
Frequency - repeition of a link Contiguity - events that happen close together in time and space Vividness - sharpness of experience Similarity - resemblence |
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Definition
Psychology is a science not a part of philipsophy Introspection |
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Definition
| asking people to observe their own mental processes |
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| T/F, People confuse mental images with faint visual images |
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Definition
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Term
Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning When does extinction occur? |
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Definition
1. An unconditioned stimulus produced an unconditioned response 2. A conditioned stimulus is presented with the unconditioned stimulus 3. If the UCS is removed, but the CS is present, the UCR will still occur. If UCS is permently removed, CS will no longer have an effect. |
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Term
| Instrumental Conditioning - example |
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Definition
| Cat trying to get out of box, must pull string, after it knows how to get out escape time decreases sharply |
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Term
Skinner Box Acquisition Phase Extinction Phase |
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Definition
a. Hole for delivering rewards
b. Lever or a button to press
c. A light to signal the animal
d. Acquisition phase of learning – animal accidentally presses lever and gets food.
e. Extinction phase – if no food comes out animal will stop pressing lever
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Term
| T/F - Structuralism results are reproducible. |
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Definition
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Term
| Behaviorism studies only ______________________. |
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Definition
| directly observable things |
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Definition
| Animal rewarded every so many times no matter what. |
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Definition
| Reward rate changes. More resistant to extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Training by successive approximation
2. Reward when it gets closer to target
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Term
| In the battle of learning vs. instinct who won? Give an example. |
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Definition
Instinct. Raccoon putting coins in a bank, but rewarded with food. Raccoon could not stop cleaning coins. |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of time just after birth when an animal learns its identity. |
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Definition
| feed and walk within hours of birth |
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Term
| One good and bad thing that came from behaviorists |
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Definition
Good: Lots of data. Bad: Discouraged study of complcated things. |
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Term
| Internal Representation / Delayed Response |
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Definition
| Rats and lighted doors. Rats don't have internal representation, must place their bodies in the correct direction. |
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Definition
Just because you dont show learning doesn't mean you aren't learning. 3 groups of rats. 1. rewarded whole time 2. never rewarded 3. rewarded after half way 3rd group caught up to first group in 2 days. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Box under rug with potato in it
2. Apple in spot A then move to B still looks in A
3. Move object out of sight, it disappears don’t even look for it.
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Term
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Definition
| Infants behave as if things that are no longer in view no longer exist |
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Definition
| things that can be recalled after a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the active part of our memory at any moment |
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Term
3 Things That Happen in Working Memory 2 Constraints to Working Memory |
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Definition
i. Information is manipulated
ii. Decision are made
iii. Problems are Solved i. Will only hold a limited amount of information
ii. Will only hold information for a limited amount of time
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Definition
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| 3 Ways to Improve Memory Span |
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Definition
Repitition Grouping (usually numbers) Chunking - depends on personal knowledge |
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| 3 Parts of Long Term Memory |
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Definition
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Term
| Two Types of Interference and definitions |
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Definition
1. Proactive interference – something learned earlier makes it difficult to remember something learned later
2. Retroactive interference – something learned later makes it difficult to remember something that was learned earlier
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| Two ways to reduce interference |
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Definition
1. Overlearning – overlearn to reduce forgetting, overlearned material is easier to recall for a longer time frame
2. Reviewing
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Definition
| something learned earlier makes it difficult to remember something learned later |
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Definition
| something learned later makes it difficult to remember something that was learned earlier |
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Term
| Tip of the tongue phenomenon |
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Definition
| cant remember a word you know you know |
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Definition
Uncued recall cued recall recognition savings |
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Definition
subjects are required to reproduce the material they have learned without any aids.
a. Serial recall – must repeat list in order
b. Free recall – repeat list in any order
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Term
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Definition
| providing hints as the subject recalls the list |
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Definition
| provide a larger list which contains the first list and subject must identify which words were from the first list |
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Definition
| compare how long it takes subject to relearn old list after long period of time has passed |
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Term
| b. For a given degree of learning, we would get the best score on a _________ test and worst on an __________ test |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
S - Structuring P - Providing Examples E - Evaluating R - Relating to Prior Knowledge M - Monitoring learning M - Multiple coding |
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Term
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Definition
i. Search actively for relations in the learning material hierarchies, categories Example: structure of a textbook |
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Term
| Relating to Prior Knowledge |
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Definition
Relations between the things to be learned and the things we already know Example: finding the meanings of unfamiliar words when you know what the roots mean |
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Definition
questioning the materials validiity Example: does the economic trend of supply and demand make sense? are there other explinations? |
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Definition
providing examples Example: and example of a red object is an apple |
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Definition
Represent the information we want to remember in more than one way imagery paraphrase |
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Definition
Where does our time go? Test yourself during study 80% of the time |
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Definition
Memory techniques that work by providing external structures as aids to learning Take a difficult uncued recall task and turn it into two easier cued recall task |
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Term
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Definition
a word or phrase made entirely of letters that are cues to words we want to remember
a. HOMES – 5 great lakes |
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Definition
a sentence or rhyme in which the first letter of each word is a cue.
a. Every good boy does fine – EGBDF |
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Definition
1. Useful for remembering lists of ordered or unordered items
2. Memorize keywords that rhyme with digits
3. Create image of keyword and word you want to remember together |
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Definition
| 1. Each portion of the content is a cue for the next retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
1. Useful for learning foreign language vocabulary
2. One selects a keyword in English that resembles the foreign word
3. One uses imagery to relate the keyword to the English meaning |
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Term
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Definition
1. Select a very familiar location
2. Choose a starting place
3. Associate each encounter with something on the list
4. Use imagery to associate the connections
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