Term
| Processes that are common to all living things |
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Definition
- Movmeent
- Respiration
- Sensitivity
- Nutrition
- Execution
- Reproduction
- Growth
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Definition
| ability to translocate (seek food, avoid danger & noxious stimuli) |
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Definition
| ability to detect changes in environment |
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Definition
| Process involved w/intake of food substances needed for growth, repair, & maintenance of activity |
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Definition
| Elimination of waste products |
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Definition
| Process by which plants or animals give rise to offspring |
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Definition
| Progressive development or increase in size |
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Definition
- Backbones (vertebrates)
- Lungs to breathe air (possess diaphram - conracts/relaxes
- Warm-blooded(homeotherms/endotherm- sustain heat)
- Give birth to living young
- Nurtue w/milk
- Posses hair
- 4 chambered heart
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Term
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Definition
1) Eutheria
2) Metatheria
3) Prototheria |
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Term
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Definition
| Posses a placenta (most mammals) |
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Definition
| Marsupials, or pouch bearing animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Egg laying mammals (platypus, spiny ant eaters) |
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Term
| 9 things separating humans from rest of animals |
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Definition
| Brain size, Erect Posture, Skin, Hands w/opposing thumbs, Face & eyes, Throat & position of larynx, Subtle forms of sexual dimorphism, Neoteny, Retardation of maturation |
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Term
1. Brain Size
2. Erect Posture
3. Skin
4. Hands
5. Faces/Eyes
6. Throat position larynx
7. Sexual dimorphism
8. Retardation of maturation |
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Definition
1. Intelligence corrected w/brain size, more developed forebrain
2. Bi-pedal locomotion; freed hands, improves scope of vision
3. Used to diffuse heat, allows us to be metabolically active for long period. (moderate speed but unmatched stamina)
4. Thumbs longer than gorilla & and positioned to make it able to contact all fingers (improved dexterity)
5. Large eye opening and showing saliva & large lips allowing more nuanced communication
6. human throat modified to facilitate speech; resonating chamber for vocal sounds above larynx
7. difference in size b/w men & women not as pronounced as in other mammalian species
8. Retention of juvenile characteristics into adulthood. Just grow in size, basic structure or morphology doesn't change
8. Offspring take longer to phyneally mature, remain dependent longer |
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Term
| 5 Ways of gaining knowledge or truth |
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Definition
1. Custom & tradition
2) Authority
3) Personal Experience
4) Syllogistic or deductive reasoning - first attempt to seek truth systematically
5) Scientific Inquiry - based on inductive reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
| Use observations of general factors phenomena, to arrive at specific explanations (broad to specific) |
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Term
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Definition
| Use specific observations to make general conclusions about phenomena (specific to broad) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequential process used to gather reliable information |
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Term
| Steps of Scientific Method |
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Definition
1) Identify problem
2) Statement of hypothesis
3) Collection & Analysis of Data
4) Confirm or reject hypothesis
5) Conclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief of how things are related to each other; set of statmeents that explain set of facts; broad generalizations that cannot be directly tested, based on observations & make predictions |
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Term
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Definition
| Testable; essential part of conductive scientific method: attempts to isolate relationships b/w I & D variables, allowing for explanation of phenomenon, can be proved or disproved through experimentation |
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Term
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Definition
| Process to objectively analyze facts, issues, and problems allowing us to distinguish between beliefs and knowledge (supported by science) |
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Term
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Definition
60% of body mass (mainly intracellular)
Molecules kept together by hydrogen bonds
Many types of molecules can dissolve in it (not lipids), and many enzymes use dehydration to form bonds & hydration to break bonds (hydrolysis(
Form both ionic & covalent bonds with other elements to make solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Unbalanced but not + or -. Effective medium for chemical reactions to occur |
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Term
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Definition
One atom "loses" an electron
Weak bonds
When dissociated 2 ions result (e.g. NaCl) |
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Term
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Definition
2 atoms "share" an electron
More stable (strong bonds)
e.g. O2 (diatomic) |
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Term
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Definition
Negatively charged
Positively charged |
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Term
| Properties of water making it vital to life |
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Definition
Liquid at room temp, drink it, cool w/it, bathe in it, dissolve objects in it, wash object w/it
Temp changes slowly, prevents sudden changes in envnmt that chemical reactions occur in
Effective temp buffer (maintain temp)
High heat of vaporization (prevents body from overheating)
Freezes top to bottom (expands after 4 degrees C)
Cohesive due to hydrogen bonds (excellent medium to transport substances through body via blood)
Effective solvent for polar & charged molecules (facilitating chemical reactions inside/outside bodies) |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest of matter that retains characteristics of that matter |
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Term
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Definition
Mainly composed of carbon (and hydrogen) held together primarily by covalent bonds
Typically very large (macromolecules)
Human body has four groups of OM |
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Term
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Definition
| Not comprised mainly of carbon, small structures |
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Term
| 4 Categories of Organic Molecules |
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Definition
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins |
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Term
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Definition
1% body weight (essential as food substrate)
Sweet tasting considered sugars |
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Term
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Definition
Simplest sugars, all w/chemical composition of C6H1206
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose (found in honey, maple syrup, cane sugar)
Glucose + galactose = Lactose (only in milk)
Glucose + glucose = maltose (found in cereal, germinating seeds, beer) |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains 10-thousands of monosaccharide residues |
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Term
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Definition
| Starch-storage form of carbs in plants, found in cytoplasm in cell. (potatoes, peas, beans, corn, and grains used to make pasta, cereal, and bread (greatest source in Americans) Fiber found in cell wall of plant cells, include cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin. Humans don't digest, bonds much water adding bulk and softness to stools (also binds small amount of cholesterol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbs stored in cell's cytosol as glycogen (mainly in liver & muscle). Long chains of glucose residues. Glycogen stored in muscle only used in that muscle. Glycogen in liver broken down to glucose in liver and released into bloodstream to be used by other organs (muscle, heart, brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Macromolecule mainly of C, H, and O. Covalent bonds (cannot be hydrolized - insoluble in water) 15% body mass |
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Term
| 4 Categories of Lipids (oils vs. fats) |
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Definition
1) Fatty acids
2) Triglycerides
3) Phospholipids
4) Nucleic Acids
4) Steroids |
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Term
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Definition
Chain of carbon atoms (14-18) bound to hydrogen w/ carboxyl group (oxygen present only at end of chains.
Energy substrates |
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Term
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Definition
| When each carbon atom has full complement of single bonds (4) |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon has double bond
Cis or Trans formation
Trans - opposite (high cholesterol & heart disease; hydrogenated oils)
Cis - same side |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon has more than one double bond |
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Term
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Definition
Majority of lipids in body & diet in this form
3 fatty acids attached (esterified) to glycerol (3 carbon alcohol). richest source of energy (calories) stored in body. Lipase reaction cleaved fatty acids from glycerol backbone so they can enter mitochondria & be used in oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
Similar structure to triglyceride
Glycerol bound 2 fatty acids & one phosphate group (charged). Amphipathic with phosphate head being hydrophillic and fatty acid tail hydrophobic. Allows to form lipid bilayer membrane of all cells (phospholipid polarity - polar head and nonpolar tail) |
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Term
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Definition
4 interconnected carbon rings, w/different "moieties" attached to each type
e.g. cholesterol, glucocorticoids (cortisol), male (testosterone) and female (estrogen, progesterone) sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| 17% of body mass (comprised of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Composed of long chains of amino acids bound together by peptide bonds. Amino acids are charged, thus proteins readily soluble in water |
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Term
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Definition
Up to 50 amino acids joined together
Proteins when >50 amino acids joined together |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins with carb moieties attached
Important in connective tissue |
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Term
| Degree Structures of Proteins |
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Definition
1 degree - sequence and # of AA's in chain
2 degree - bending/twisting of chain, joined by weak hydrogen & ionic bonds, and polarity, results in B-sheets, or a-helices
3 degree - disulfide bonds (strong) between AA's give firm 3-D structure allowing protein to protein inteeraction
4 degree - single protein formed by fusing individual subunits (shape of protein determines its function) |
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Term
| Degree Structures of Proteins |
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Definition
1 degree - sequence and # of AA's in chain
2 degree - bending/twisting of chain, joined by weak hydrogen & ionic bonds, and polarity, results in B-sheets, or a-helices
3 degree - disulfide bonds (strong) between AA's give firm 3-D structure allowing protein to protein inteeraction
4 degree - single protein formed by fusing individual subunits (shape of protein determines its function) |
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Term
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Definition
Support - keratin found in hair, nails, tendons, ligaments, skin
Enzymes - speed chemical reactions
Transport - make up channels & carriers of cell membrane
Defense - antibodies which identify pathogens in body are proteins
Motion & Force Production - actin & myosin allow muscle contraction
Energy Substrate - normally used less than carbs & lipids (~5%) |
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Term
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Definition
Comprised of nucleotides, and each nucleotide comprised of 3 subunits
A) Phosphate group
B) Pentase Sugar (deoxyribose, ribose)
C) nitrogen containing base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine in DNA; RNA uracil replaces thymine) |
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Term
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Definition
Ribose sugar
Uracil, adenine, guanine, cytosine
Single-stranded
No helix |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom - Molecule - Cell - Tiessue - Organ - Organ System - Organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Smallest functional unit of life |
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Term
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Definition
| Gases & substrates diffuse (passively) across the cell increase exponentially as distance increases |
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Term
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Definition
First cells (do have plasma membrance & cytoplasm)
Have DNA but not contained in nucleus
e.g. Bacteria & achae |
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Term
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Definition
| More complex with cytoplasm & plasma membrane, but also membrane bound organelles including nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Permit cell specialization & allows evolution of sophisticated organisms
Nucleus, Ribosomes, ER, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear envelope (doubled layered membrane) surrounds DNA & regulates traffic in & out. Inside is nucleolus where rRNA is produced & organized into ribosomal subunits |
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Term
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Definition
subunits move out of nucleus & are assembled into functioning ribosomes in cytosol
Bound to ER synthesize proteins to be secreted from cell, or inserted into plasma membrane
"Free" are suspeneded in cytoplasm, make proteins to be used within cell. Several attactch to strand of mRNA to form polyribosome
Combine rRNA w/protines & mature ribosomes produce proteins using mRNA code |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous, membrane bounded network
Near nucleus "rough ER"
Further away "smooth ER"
Proteins produced by ribosomes undergo post-translational modifications at end of network, forms vesicles containing proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces lipids, steroids, detoxifies substances, & stores calcium |
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Term
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Definition
Vesicles containing proteins arrive at this membraneous network for additional processing
1) Sort proteins
2) Modify proteins (functional form) - add CHO moieties
3) Re-package proteins into secretory vesicles & placed in releasing position. Exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Lyozomes (digestive acidic enzymes - break down celullar debris & materials, as cell ages lysosomes release their enzyme into cytoplasm destroying the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Oval shaped, use O2 to produce H2O2 & destroy organic molecules including toxic substances, thus inactivating them |
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Term
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Definition
Produce ATP via aerobic respiration
Membrane - bilayer w/inner layer having deep infoldings aka Cristae. Cytochromes for oxidative phosphorylation embedded in Cristae. Inner most fluid = matrix
Enzymes of krebs cycle found here |
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Term
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Definition
| Network of protein filaments that maintain cell's shape & allows movements |
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Term
| 3 types of cytoskeleton filaments |
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Definition
1) Microfilament - smallest, mainly contractile protein Actin
2) Intermediate - important to cells subjected to mechanical stress
3) Microtubule - largest, hollow tubes formed from Tubulin, most rigid. Cilia are specialized microtubules that are responsible for moving particles caught in track back & forth. |
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Term
| Plasma Membrane (plasmallela) |
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Definition
| Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids with proteins embedded Fluid mosaic Proteins of outer layer "glycosylated(carbohydrate)" meaning have carb moieties (tails); which help determine function of cell |
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Term
| Integral Protein (in membrane) |
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Definition
| span across membrane (transmembrane) Connects extracellular to inra. Controls movement os substance in & out of cells (channels, transporters) |
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Term
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Definition
| High --> low concentration Water soluble ions & molecules probably pass through pores Water insoluble - directly through lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| High --> low concentration with aid of protein carrier molecules in membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Low --> high concentration with aid of transport proteins in cell membrane (uses energy ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Active incorporation of liquid & solid materials outside cell by plasma membrane. Engulfed by cell & become surrounded by membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of water molecules from high water (low solute) concentration to low water (high solute) |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribose sugar Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine (4 nucleotides which each consist of nitrogen containing base, sugar, & phosphate group) Double stranded w/base pairing Helix Found in nucleus (supercoiled double helix) DNA --> RNA --> Protein Alleles - pair of genes for a protein Genome - total collection of genes found in cell's DNA DNA : Purines - G, A Pyrimidines - C, T Nucelotides linked together by phosphodiestes bonds to form a strand 2 parallel strands bound together by complementary base pairing A-T, C-G On DNA Sequence of 3 bases is message for amino acid (triplicate code). Each triplet codes for single amino acid 64 possible triples (4^3) only 20 AA's, 3 triplets serve as "stop" signals rather than code for an amino acid Nucleotides linked by phosphodiestes (forms strand) |
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Term
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Definition
DNA --> RNA (first step) DNA acts as template for RNA polymerase which copies genetic info onto single stranded mRNA (comprised of nucleotides) RNA polymerase recognized promoter site on DNA upstream of gene to be copied RNA unwinds & separates strands of DNA & uses nucleotides making single stranded RNA Primary RNA transcript contains both Exons (expressing regions) & Introns (non-coding intervening regions) In nucleus - introns must be spliced (then considered mRNA) Then mRNA moves into cytoplasm (serves as template for protein synthesis)
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Term
| How does cell know which gene(s) it is supposed to transcribe/translate? |
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Definition
| (Nuceleus of each cell has entire genome?) Transcription factors: proteins which control which genes will be transcribed - affect ability of RNA polymerase to recognize gene's promoter Enhancers/Repressors - enhance/slow down Genes for transcription factors are on same DNA that they must regulate |
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Term
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Definition
~200 distinct kinds
~100 trillion in human body
200 assigned to 4 primary types (same type combine = tissue) so 4 types of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized for selective secretion & absorption of ions & organic molecules (also protection).
Covers surface & lines body cavities.
Cells rest on basement membrane (comprised of glycoproteins - acting as barriers) when forming tissue |
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Term
2 types of epithelial tissue
Simple & Stratified |
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Definition
Simple - single layer
Stratified - multiple layers |
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Term
Squamos
(Simple epithelial) |
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Definition
| flattened cells, line alveoli & blood vessels, allows exchange of gases & nutrients |
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Term
Cuboidal
(Simple epithelial) |
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Definition
| Cube shaped, in glands (salivary, endocrine) & ovaries, pancreas, renal tubes. Allow absorption & active transport (rich in mitochondria) |
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Term
Columnar
(Simple epithelial) |
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Definition
| Rectangular columns. In lining of digestive tract (w/microvilli = increased surfaced area, enhancing absorption), & in female's oviducts (cilia - move egg towards uterus) |
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Term
Pseudostratified
(Simple epithelial) |
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Definition
| Only appears to have multiple layers. Lining of trachea (ciliated columnar) - Covered w/mucus to trap foreign particles & upward motion of cilia carries mucus to throat |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple layers (only bottom layer contacts basement membrane). Nose, mouth, esophagus, anal cavity, cervix, vagina & epidermis lined by stratified squamos. Specialized to form barrier to protect from microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
Several types (each has 3 components)
1. Specialized cells
2. Ground Substance
3. Protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) |
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Term
2 Types of connective tissue
Dense & Loose |
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Definition
Dense - tightly packed collagen fibers, commonly in tendons & ligaments
Loose - loose network of collagen & elastic fibers. Found in many internal organs: lungs, arteries, urinary bladder. Forms protective covering around muscles, blood vessels, & nerves
*Adipose tissue in form of LCT (adipocytes expand as store triglycerides). Stored fat used for energy, insulation, & organ protection. |
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Term
| Specialized (Supportive) CT |
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Definition
| 1) Cartilage - cells (chondrocytes) found in lacunae surrounded by matrix that's solid yet flexible (poor blood supply) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyaline - lots collagen fibers, end of bones in joints to decrease friction. Nose, larynx, trachea, joining ribs to sternum, embryonic skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| Elastic - wavy elastic fibers allowing flexibility (ears) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrocartilage - matrix w/strong collagen fibers. Specialized to w/stand tension & pressure (invertebral discs, wdges in knee) |
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Term
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Definition
Most rigid CT, osteocytes surrounded by hard matrix of inorganic salts (calcium) deposited around collagen fibers
Function: Provide support, protection, & calcium depot |
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Term
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Definition
Compact - dense, hard, shiny surface; shaft of long bones
Spongy - open lattice work, end of long bones & inside most bones |
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Term
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Definition
Blood - formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets), & plasma. Carries nutrients & oxygen to tissue throughout body, removes CO2 & waste products. Thermoregulation & maintaining electrolyte & pH balance
Lymph - clear slightly yellow fluid from interstitial fluid & contains WBCs. Lymphatic vessels absorb excess interstitial fluid & cleanses it as it passes through lymph nodes (lots of WBCs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized to contract (sliding filaments) generating force for body movement, chews & propels food through GI tract, pumps blood through body, distribution of blood via vaso-construction/dialation |
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Term
3 Type of Muscle
#1 (Skeletal) |
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Definition
| allows movement of body & parts, 40% weight in men, 37% women. Under voluntary control. Large cells = muscle fibers - mutlinucleated & striated in appearance |
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Term
3 Types of Muscle
#2 Smooth |
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Definition
| Not striated in appearance, but has overlapping myosin & actin, smaller mononucleated cells. Internal organs, GI tract, uterus, eyes, arterioles. Controlled by autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. |
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Term
3 Type of muscle
#3 Cardiac |
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Definition
| Striated in appearance, small mononucleated cells joined by intercalated discs to allow ?synctitial? contraction. Can self-excite, but rate & strength of contractions controlled by autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
All contracted/relaxed same time
Communicated by intercalated discs |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication w/both internal & external environment (neurons & neuroglia) |
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Term
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Definition
Generate & receive electrical impulse (excitable)
Dendrite - receive input
Soma(cell body) - w/ nuceus
Axon - carry impulses away
- may be myelinated - increases rate of conduction of impulses |
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Term
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Definition
1. Receive input (afferent)
2. Integrate info (CNS)
3. Motor output (efferent) |
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Term
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Definition
More numerous than neurons. Don't generate or receive electrical impulses.
Many types (microgia, astrocytes, oligodenrocytes,
Provide support & nutrients to neurons, protect neurons from bacteria & cellular debris, & for myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of 2 or more types of specialized primary tissue to perform one or more specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition of dynamic equilibrium w/in body |
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Term
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Definition
Bones, cartilage, ligaments & tendons.
20% human body weight * metabolically active
A) Support & protect soft internal organs
B) Support body against force of gravity
C) Act as levers allowing movement of organism
D) Storage site for calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| Excitability & Contractility enabling stimulation & force production. Allow limb movement when attached to bone, mobility of organism & venitlation. Circulation of blood throughout body & controls internal organs (glands, arteries, bladder). Thermoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin & associated structures, hair, nails, oil & sweat glands. Protective environment from external environment, detects changes in external environment, thermoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Quick acting communication system allowing body to detect changes in internal/external environment, integrate this info, make responses for homeostasis. Location of higher functions (in humans) - thought, memory, consciousness, creativity. Neurons & neuroglia. CNS(brain, spinal cord), & PNS (autonomic, somatic branches. i.e. everything else) |
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Term
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Definition
| Translation occurs when ribosome binds with mRNA (ribosomes contain rRNA & proteins) Amino acids then brought to ribosome by tRNA (aka adapter) Each RNA has attachment site for AA and template recognition site AA bound to proper tRNA amincyl - tRNA synthetose. Anticodon (recognition site on tRNA) - loosely & temporarily binds w/codon on mRNA template and AA added to growing polypeptide chain. Peptide bond uses 4 molecules of ATP. As tRNA released, ribosome moves down mRNA where new tRNA & AA joined to ribosome. Up to 70 ribosomes can be attached to single mRNA template (polysomes), when ribosomes reach "stop" codon on mRNA< ribosome & newly synthesized protein released. Some actively translating ribosomes bound to external surface of ER & insert newly formed protein into lumen of ER. Some remain "free" in cytoplasm |
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