1. sense of being modern

2. includes media & migration

1. "characteristics" of globalization

2. media: interactive technology that allows people to more easily & more effectively communicate w/ one another

3. migration: easier post-rupture (planes), still feeling at home while not actually there

1. ability to imagine a better life for children

2. being able to visualize a place 1/2 way around the world

3. knowing about countries via media & migration

1. global connectivity

ex: Korean cab driver in Philly watching Korean olympics online in his own language

1. moving out of original cocuntry but still keeping intact part of one's orignal life

ex: Pakistani living in Chicago listening to Pakistani music

*similar to cultural pluralism

1. active way in which media are appropriated by people throughout the world (humans are agency)

ex: T-shirts, billboards, music, etc

1. 1600's Spanish conquistadors

2. 1800's colonization

3. globalization today

1. mulas: denouce Westernization of the world, fear modernization

2. enemies of capitalism: fight the explotation of workers by capital

*these ppl do not understand reality of globalization, should be more to reduce poverty

1. exposure to the unknown (better) world is not necessarily good because it gives poor false hope of having a better life

"globalization is pregnant with promises yet to be fufilled"

1. economic: influence of global income, power, changes in business operations

2. political: declaring wars on other countries

3. social: integration of people from all over world into companies (transnational)

1. warriors & merchants, migrants & pilgrims set out to create empires of power, promote commerce & locate safe havens

*globaliztion couldn't have been possible if ppl weren't active

1. institutional attempts to shape & regualte change (types of globalization) are products of human agency

ex: development of trans-national companies & WTO, World Bank, etc

1. pioneers of great world religions were human agents of globalization

2. do not adhere to economic regime of globaliztion: Islam resists Western materialism, Christians campaign against global capitalism

1. a mixture of global & local; negotiation between cultures

2. accepting other cultures within your own

ex: living in Spain and drinking Coke

1. tensions arise from Israeli locations along the border (Golan Heights, Jerusalem)

2. political struggle btw 2 groups that claim Israel is the "land of our forefathers"

3. 1250 BC Israelites conquered/settled in Canaan

4. 638AD=Arabs conquer

5. 1914 Jews begin to immigrate back to Jerusalem (after disapora)

6. WWI Ottoman Empire ends; Britain makes promises of Jewish & Arab state

7. establishment of Israel: May 15th, 1948

1. Hamas is a Palestinian political organization that governs the Gaza Strip

2. send bombs into Israel

3. Tunnels below Gaza/Egypt to bring food/supplies (sometimes closed during war)

4. Palistinians in change of Gaza Strip

1. explaining globalization only in terms of European/American conquerings

2. Marks argues Western superiority has not been evident throughout bulk of humanity

3. believes one must have global & ecological view when attempting to understand globalization

1. empires based around/specializing in agriculture

2. good land= wealth/success of empire

1. adhering to agrarian regime of economics; being dependent upon agriculture for source of wealth & prosperity

2. British escaped BOR via industrialization

-West becoming most powerful economic force in the world because of:

1. China remonitized to silver & created new demand for it (which America had a lot of)

2. Spain fails attempts to impose empire on Europe (7 years war)

3. discovery of America (silver)

4. African slavery=higher profit margins

5. great dying: conquerers spreading diseases to indians who weren't immune

6. drougths caused agrarian societies to become extinct (3 world)

1. "birth of globalization"

2. Spanish colony in Philippines that allowed (for 1st time) for regualr exchange of products w/ countries around the world

3. traded lots of silver w/ various countries

1. industrialization in 19th century Britain (Industrial revoluition)

2. nationalism led to new phase of globalization (East India Company)

1. rise of 2 superpowers: Soviet Union & United States (post WWII)

2. created institutions designed to futher their global objectives of creating capitalist world

3. theatened each other w/ nuclear weapons

1. generated by Asia if current trends continue

2. China has largest economy on earth

3. combo of China+Japan+India+E.Asian countries may orient economic weight back to Asia

Holton: multiple phases of globaliztion (Archaic, proto, modern)

Cohen: 3 acts of globalization (similar to Marks)

"PAWT"

1. preachers

2. adventurers

3. warriors

4. traders

1. by becoming globally connected, we become more aware of circumstances in other countries

ex: wathcing BBC world news; tells us what's going on in small African village

1. same gene mutation found in 3 people living in different continents essentially proves we orginated in Africa

2. Duniyazation: spreading of customs from Duniya throughout villages which effected them in dif ways: cheaper products, dif languages, foreigners taking jobs

"TNTW"

1. tourists (adventurers)

2. NGOs (preachers)

3. traders (World Bank)

4. Warriors (biological warfare)

1. human species=process of globalization

ex: phenomena such as: population movement in search of food, land & freedom, conquest of land & slaves, trade btw tribes, city-states & regions

1. associated w/ empires & trading

2. actors= Kings, warriors, traders, priests

3. trading & religious movements=significant forms of interconnection/dependence

1. commerical expansion, cosmopolitanism, imperialism, state reconfiguration

2. actors=explorers, slaves traders, merchants, colonizers/pilgrims

3. emphasis on cosmopolitainism (ways of seeing/acting that are outward looking) due to ideas of reason & science

1. emergence of global & civil society

2. involved in free trade, imperial expansion, industrialization

3. actors=imperialists, scientists, NGO activists, entrepreneurs

4. neoliberalist ideas influence global world

1. control of 1 nation by "transplanted" people from another nation

2. often distant nation has control over a culturally/racially/ethnically inferior group

1. outward-looking viewpoint; a worldly person

2. someone who travels around the world

3. group of beings who are global citizens

4. you can act in the world, not just your society

1. attempted union of inter-cultural fusions (ex: jazz)

2. development of trans-national organizations & post colonial states

3. continuing expansion of NGOs & informal networks w/in civil soceity

4. actors=businessmen, migrants, activists

1. outside or beyong authority of 1 national government (control by group of nations)

2. embraces growing trans-national networks

1. comprising persons of different

nationalities

2. a company representing/located in 2 or more nations

ex: Amnesty International

1. a way of thinking abiout social/political activities

2. embraces trans-national social movements (ex: Amesty International)

3. more political-driven activists (religion, social injustice)

1. globalization is not just based on European conquerings and accomplishments of America (West)

1. globalization has changed people's ability to imagine the world

2. makes obtaining dif info about dif parts of the world easy

1. promotes econmic self-sufficiency

2. focuses on ending/eliminating trading w/ other countries (& producing ALL goods for country w/in country)

1. each country should specialize in producing specific products in order to better trade w/ other states

ex: more economical for Spain to produce wine & US to produce cotton

1. focus on cost considerations; if it's cheaper for another country to make product, one shouldn't make product

2. current wave of globalization: growth of trans-national companies & low cost production)

1. exemplified trade protectionism via high tariffs

2. in order to "save" wealthy landed aristocrats, Britain raised tarrifs to keep out foreign imports & to allow for inflation of corn

1. raised US tariffs to 2nd highest in history; trade protectionism

2. reduced American imports & exports by 1/2

3. may have contributed to the Great Depression

1. allowed president to negotiate tariffs reductions on bilateral basis (country by country)

2. rapid decline in global trade btw WWI&WWII

1. created to manage exchange rates between coutries

2. established at Bretton-woods

1. created to supplement exchange rates

2. loans for private capital & investment

3. emphasis on reconstruction of W. Europe

4. countries can use world bank for reconstruction after wars

5. created at Bretton-woods

1. created in 1974 to promote free trade, reduce tariffs & prevent protectionism

2. created at Bretton-woods

3. eventually became WTO

1. multilateral negotiations (many countries) instead of bilateral (2 countries)

2. privatization of business instead of gov regulation

3. free trade benefits all

4. gov should minimize involvement

1. international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations

2. came from GATT

3. more powerful at governing commerce (than GATT) and settling trade disputes

1. relaxed patent protection for brand name drugs by allowing poor countries to manufacture generic forms

2. dispute over intellectual property; AID ridden countries needed meds but couldn't afford

1. manufacturing system designed to:

-standardize product (eliminate skilled labor)

-produce at low cost

-produce most efficient way possible

-pay workers high wages

-decrease waste

-use science (emperical methods) as opposed to old methods

1. economic policy of retraining trade btw countries via high tariffs, restrictive quotas, & gov regualtions designed to discourage imports

ex: corn laws, Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

1. views the market as self-regualting mechanism tending towards equalibrium

2. pushes for free trade

3. advocates elimination of tariffs on imports & other barriers to trade

4. no gov intervention

1. British economist that believed in a mixed economy (gov&private enterprise)

2. extensive verion of state interventionism

3. Thatcher & Regan led neoliberal revolution against Keynesinam

1. privitize public enterprizes

2. deregulate economy (no gov involvement)

3. free trade

4. massive tax cuts

5. monetarist measures to control inflation

6. strict control of labor organizations

7. reduction of public spending (health care)

8. expansion of international markets

9. down-sizing of gov (= more $)

10. removal of control on global financial flows

1. founded on belief that there is need for international pressure on countries that have more expansionary econ policies (ex: reducing taxes, increasing expenditures)

2. now provides funds only for those who engage in policies like raising taxes/interest rates that lead to recession

1. failed in its mission: to provide funds for countries facing an econimic downturn, to enable the country to restore its economy

2. many polices pushed by IMF=global instability

3. IMF funds/programs failed to stabilize country in crisis & actually made situation worse for poor

1. preached free market ideology (neoliberalism)

2. IMF& World Bank=main institutions thru which ideas were pushed on relectant poor countries (who needed their loans)

3. IMF became permanent part of life in most developing countries

1. Keynesian orientation of IMF (emphasis on gov intervention) replaced by free market ideology

2. consensus btw IMF, World Bank, US Treasury about "right" polices for developing countries (usually US-driven agenda)

3. polices made usually benefit the US & hurt other countries in which the polices are instilled

G7: US, Japan, Germany, Italy, UK, Canada, Frace=7 most important industrial countries

G8: Russia

membership in "G" has grown to G-20 as new countries develop & begin to serve as major players in the global economy

1. group of countries in central Asia & Africa that are falling behind developmentally

2. live in 14th century conditions

3. compose the 1 billion ppl living in poverty in today's economy

1. argues malaria keeps countries poor b/c rich countries don't have malaria issues & therefore have no incentive to produce immunizations for poor countries (no profit)

1. Africa comprises the largest percentage of impoverished people in the world (70%)

2. Africa+ refers to other BB countries (Laos, Cambodia, N. Korea, Haiti, Bolivia)

1. BB countries are constantly at war (over scarce resources) which hinders ability to develop economically

2. proposes military intervention (for >10 years)  post-conflict to prevent relapse of war

3. proposes aid should be given in a more intelligent way (monitored)

4. proposes post-conflict government

Breaking the resource trap (Collier)

1. BB countries are resource rich & policy poor

2. rich countries are exploiting them & their resources

3. should adapt strong policies, stable gov & powerful military to prevent from being exploited

1. landlocked countries must depend on neighbors or technology (roads, planes) to transport their exports to coast/sea port

1. give aid bound by law (so gov uses it properly)

2. polices must change b/c they are simply not working or hurting economy

3. gov structure should be reformed to allow for more democracy (instead of dictator/dynasty)

1. millennium development goal: cutting poverty by 1/2

2. handbook on how we could be 1st generation to outlaw extreme poverty that leaves children dying of starvation in a world of plenty

1. poverty caused by lack of saving, human capital & natural capital

-$1 earned per day is spent on food

-many are too ill to work

-resources (trees) are destroyed & not replaced

1. location: landlocked

2. climate: arid or conducive of disease

3. disease prone environment: places where malaria is rampant & kills population

1. bad fiscal polices, people not knowing where to invest

2. gov may be corrupt or undereducated

3. foreign debt may hurt them

1. not just corruption, just bad decisions (ex: dynasty handing down ill-equipt leaders that cannot be replaced)

2. when gov fails to "keep the peace" & create interest for investors, economy is sure to fail

1. not allowing women to be educated or join workforce ("place is at home w/ kids") (1/2 ppl in country not economically productive & illiterate)

2. cultural values in turn cause mothers to have more kids (ave=6) which exacerbate poverty of family & strain economic resources of country

1. trade barriers, enemies, access to water, tensions w/ border countries

1. BB countries lack ability to develop technology needed to solve their problems

ex: sewers, running water, electricty

2. richer countries have no incentive to help b/c there is no profit or market demand

1. women having too many children creates poverty trap:

-high fertility in 1 generation=inpovershment of kids & high fertility in next generation

-should have laws/limits of how many children women are allowed to have

1. btw 1980-2000, all rich countries had positive economic growth (GDP)

2. BB countries (approx 45) had negative GDP

1. exposes people to the possiblitiy of a better world/life that they hope to have

2. expectations globalizations has generated have crushed the hopes of those who have been negatively impacted by it

MDG's 2015:

1. cut poverty by 1/2

2. universal education

3. child health care

4. maternal heatlhcare

5. gender equality

6. AIDs decrease

7. environmental sustainability

8. global partnership (address needs of BB)

1. protest against WTO & globalizaiton

2. presidents/prime ministers unable to get to hotel rooms b/c riot was so large

3. surprised WTO to know that so many were against globalization

4. WTO manages world economy so it works better for businesses, protestors argue WTO should manage economy so it makes things better for those in need (BB)