Term
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Definition
| a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning. |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| the natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning. |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| the unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a formerly neutral stimulus that requires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response. |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| the learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus, but to other, similar stimuli as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus, but not to other similar stimuli. |
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Term
| extinction (in classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| the gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. in classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; also called placebo effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| a classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. |
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Term
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Definition
| in learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response; also called Skinnerian conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities. |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| the presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated. |
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Term
| punishment by application |
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Definition
| a situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus, also called positive punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus, also called negative punishment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| the operant conditioning of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximation of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed. |
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Term
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Definition
| a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer. |
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Term
| extinction (in operant conditioning) |
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Definition
| the gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. in operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer. |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement. |
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Term
| schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| the delivery of a reinforcer according to a present pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses. |
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Term
| fixed-ratio (FR) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred. |
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Term
| variable-ratio (VR) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial. |
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Term
| fixed-interval (FI) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a present time interval has elapsed. |
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Term
| variable-interval (VI) schedule |
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available. |
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Term
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs through observing the actions of others. |
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