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Intro to Environmental Studies
Unit 1
76
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/12/2009

Additional Environmental Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Rules of Sustainability
Definition
1. Everything must cycle
2. Population must be limited and vary inversely with resource use per capita
3. Equity must be maintained
Term
Environmental Studies
Definition
1. Natural Science
2. Values
3. Policy
4. Economics
Term
Accuracy
Definition
Correctness of measurement, the right answer
Term
Precision
Definition
Repeatability of results, narrowing down the uncertainty
Term
Deductive reasoning
Definition
Logical reasoning from general to specific
Term
Science
Definition
a methodical, logical process for producing knowledge about natural phenomena.
• a cumulative body of knowledge produced by scientists.
• based on careful observation and hypothesis testing
Term
Inductive reasoning
Definition
Reasoning from many observations to produce a general rule
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
A testable explanation
Term
Scientific Theory
Definition
a description or explanation that has been supported by a large number of tests and is considered by experts to be a reliable
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
1. Identify
2. Form testable hypothesis
3. Collect data to test hypothesis
4. Interpret results
5. Submit for peer review
6. Publish
Term
Probability
Definition
Measure of how likely something is to occur
Term
Natural experiment
Definition
involves observation of events that have already happened
Term
manipulative experiment
Definition
conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant
Term
Variables
Definition
Dependent is on the Y, independent is on the X
Term
Descriptive Ethics
Definition
Describes what one ought to do. Tells us how the world is
Term
Normative Ethics
Definition
Tells us how the world should be
Term
Consequentialism
Definition
Emphasis on consequences. John Stuart Mill
Term
Deontology
Definition
Emphasis on duty/obligation. Immanuel Kant
Term
Virtue Ethics
Definition
Emphasis on character, how one should live. Aristotle
Term
Anthropocentricism
Definition
What is valuable to humans
Term
Biocentricism
Definition
Views oriented around life. Have reverence for life, entities with interests. Singer, Regan
Term
Ecocentrism
Definition
Land ethic, Deep ecology. Allows for species and ecosystems
Term
IPAT
Definition
Impact on the environment is a combination of: Population, Affluence, Technology
Term
Demography
Definition
encompasses vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, distribution, and population size.
Term
Population growth in the last few centuries
Definition
1. Increase in commerce and communication
2. Agricultural revolution
3. Use of fossil fuel energy
4. Improvements in health care, hygiene
Term
Population growth rate
Definition
Depends on
1. How many children are born (natural growth rate)
2. The age when women give birth
3. Death rate (natural growth rate)
4. Immigration (total growth rate)
5. Emigration (total growth rate)
Term
Life expectancy
Definition
Average age an infant can expect to reach in any given society
Term
Crude Death Rate
Definition
Number of deaths per thousand people in any given year
Term
Crude Birth rate
Definition
Number of births per year per thousand
Term
Total Fertility Rate
Definition
Total children born to an average women during her lifetime
Term
Population growth equation
Definition
Population (t) = population (t-1)*e(k*t) : population at some later
time (t) = population at an earlier time (t-1) * 2.718(growth rate*time)

You can guess at a doubling time by 70/R where R is the rate
Term
Pre-modern society
Definition
Poor living conditions keep death rates high, thus birth rates are correspondingly high
Term
Thomas Malthus
Definition
Human populations increase exponentially and eventually outstrip food supply and collapse
Term
Carl Marx
Definition
Population growth is an outcome of poverty and other social inequalities. Exploitation and Oppression the real problems
Term
Technological optimists
Definition
Malthus was wrong, failed to account for scientific progress. Technology will solve all our problems
Term
Simon
Definition
People are the ultimate resource. Growth rate will lead to technological solutions to our resource problems
Term
Elrich
Definition
We need to implement legislation to limit population growth
Term
System
Definition
a network of relationships among a group of parts, elements, or components that interact with and influence one another through the exchange or energy, matter, and/or information
Term
Eutrophication
Definition
excess nutrients in the water which increase, which increase the production of organic matter, which depletes the oxygen
Term
Elements
Definition
substances that cannot be broken down into simpler form by ordinary chemical reactions
Term
Electrons
Definition
revolve around the nucleus and bind one element to another
Determine the amount of protons
Extra electrons create electricity
Term
Ions
Definition
Atoms electrically charged, due to gain or loss of electrons
Term
Isotope
Definition
are alternate versions of elements which differ in mass by having a different number of neutrons. Stable or radioactive
Term
Covalent
Definition
sharing of electrons- the more stable. Accumulate in fats
Term
Ionic
Definition
cations and anions- selfish relationship, less stable * Salt is ionic and water is ionic. Like dissolves like
Term
Lithosphere
Definition
Rock, sediment, soil below the earth's surface
Term
Macronutrient
Definition
elements and compounds required in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous
Term
Micronutrients
Definition
Nutrients needed in small amounts
Term
Biogeochemical cycles
Definition
the movement (or cycling) of matter and energy through a system
Term
Residence time
Definition
the average amount of time something spends in a reservoir
Term
Residence time
Definition
the average amount of time something spends in a reservoir. Long residence time
Term
CO2 cycle
Definition
So only about half of our anthropogenic CO2 stays in the atmosphere. It goes into plants, the ocean, and rocks
Term
Phosphorous cycle
Definition
Comes from rocks. Weathering releases. Water soluble. One of the 2 most important nutrients for plants to have. Phosphorous has no stable gas phase, so addition of P to land is slow (low P in rain), and P is not well distributed. It can be transferred from the ocean to plants very effectively
Term
Nitrogen cycle
Definition
Bacteria takes N2 out of the atmosphere and converts it into nitrates. Almost all is in the atmosphere.Today we are fixing as much nitrogen artificially as all bacteria do naturally. N20 a key greenhouse gas
Term
Transpiration
Definition
The process where water goes from liquid to vapor through plants
Term
Hydrologic cycle
Definition
Without more evaporation or transpiration, it cannot rain or snow- desertification (It’s a desert because there’s no plants there- plants keep the air with moisture). Warmer areas rain more. Rivers flow because there is more precipitation than evaporation
Term
The rock cycle
Definition
The slow cycle of plate tectonics is what removes carbon from the atmosphere. Helps us find resources and tells us what we're not likely to find
Term
Species
Definition
All organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring
Term
Endemic
Definition
Native
Term
6 kindoms of life
Definition
1. Bacteria
2.Archae-bacteria
3.Protista
4. Plantae
5. Fungi
6. Anamalia
Term
4 conditions for evolution
Definition
1. Traits must vary within a population
2. Traits must affect reproductive success
3. Traits must be inheritable
4. External environmental pressure must favor
Term
Law of competitive exclusion
Definition
no two species will occupy the same niche and compete for exactly the same resources for an extended period of time.
Term
Allopatric isolation
Definition
Due to geographic separation
Term
Sympatric isolation
Definition
Species doesn't require separation. Occupy different niches
Term
isolating mechanisms
Definition
1. Mechanical (structural difference)
2. Temporal (different timing for breeding)
3. Behavioral (differences in courtship)
4. Ecological
Term
Direction selection
Definition
one trait is being favored and the other is being eliminated so the population shirts towards one trait. 1 new species
Term
Stabilizing Selection
Definition
range of a trait is narrowed- no new spcies
Term
Disruptive selection
Definition
traits diverge towards different ends- 2 new species
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
Intimate living together of members of two or more species
Term
Commensalisms
Definition
One member is benefited but neither is harmed
Term
Mutualism
Definition
both members benefits
Term
Parasitism
Definition
One member benefits at the expense of antoehr
Term
Defensive mechanism (against predation and parasitism)
Definition
1. Massive numbers of offspring
2. Timing of activity
3. Location of habitat
4. Camouflage
5. Protecting young
6. Unpalatable body structure
7. Mimicry
Term
Batesian Mimicry
Definition
Harmless species evolve characteristic to imitate poisonous or unpalatable species
Term
Mullerian Mimicry
Definition
2 unpalatable species evolve to look like each other
Term
Complexity
Definition
number of species at each trophic level (where an organism is in the food chain), and the number of trophic levels, in a community
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