Term
How do most municipal police departments determine promotion eligibility?
a. Testing
b. Physical agility
c. Arrest performance
d. Time-in-rank |
|
Definition
| ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 235 OBJ: 2 TOP: the police organization |
|
|
Term
Who is the person with general administrative control over the police organization?
a. Captain
b. Chief
c. Lieutenant
d. Sergeant |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 235 OBJ: 1 TOP: the police organization |
|
|
Term
While police patrol has many objectives, most police experts agree that the majority of police patrol efforts are devoted to:
a. Crime fighting
b. Order maintenance
c. Responding to emergencies
d. Deterring crime |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 238 OBJ: 4 TOP: patrol activities |
|
|
Term
The goal of the Kansas City study was to evaluate:
a. The effectiveness of different patrol models
b. Use of force standards
c. Command and control structures
d. The time-in-rank system of promotion |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 239 OBJ: 4 TOP: does patrol deter crime? |
|
|
Term
What was the principal finding of the Kansas City study?
a. The type of patrol model adopted has significant impact on crime
b. There is little evidence that police patrol deters crime c. Patrol techniques can have a significant impact on citizen's attitudes
d. Patrol techniques can significantly impact citizen's satisfaction with police |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 239 OBJ: 4 TOP: does patrol deter crime? |
|
|
Term
Police stopping motorists to issue citations and aggressively arresting suspicious persons is an example of what type of policing?
a. Proactive
b. Neighborhood
c. Reactive
d. Community |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 240 OBJ: 5 TOP: improving patrol |
|
|
Term
Aggressive patrol in New York City during the 1990s aimed at vandalism, panhandling and graffiti has been credited with a reduction in what type of crime?
a. Prostitution
b. Violent crime
c. Drug dealing
d. Property crime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Kansas City Gun Experiment was an example of:
a. Neighborhood-oriented policing
b. Community policing
c. Reactive patrolling
d. A police crackdown targeting a specific type of crime problem |
|
Definition
ANS: D
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 242 OBJ: 5 TOP: improving patrol |
|
|
Term
Which of the following has been shown to improve the effectiveness of patrol?
a. Aggressive patrol
b. Targeting specific crimes
c. Making more arrests
d. All of these |
|
Definition
ANS: D
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 242 OBJ: 5 TOP: improving patrol |
|
|
Term
The vice squad specializes in:
a. Violent crime
b. Property crime
c. Victimless crime
d. Drug crime |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 244 OBJ: 6 TOP: investigation function |
|
|
Term
What term is used to describe organized groups of detectives who deceive criminals into openly committing illegal acts or conspiring to engage in criminal activity?
a. Detective bureau
b. Sting operations
c. Vice squad
d. Proactive patrol |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 246 OBJ: 6 TOP: investigation function |
|
|
Term
Community-oriented policing links police effectiveness to:
a. Productive interaction with the community being served
b. Interrelationships between cooperative police agencies
c. Efficient utilization of existing personnel
d. Optimized usage of advanced technology |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 252 OBJ: 7 TOP: community policing |
|
|
Term
The first experiments in community-oriented policing involved:
a. Decentralized, neighborhood-based precincts
b. Storefront mini-stations
c. Streamlining in the number of ranks in a department
d. Foot patrol |
|
Definition
ANS: D
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 253 OBJ: 7 TOP: implementing community policing |
|
|
Term
What have evaluations of foot patrol programs in New Jersey and Michigan shown?
a. The crime rate went down in foot patrol beats.
b. The crime rate went up in foot patrol beats.
c. Officer job satisfaction increased.
d. Citizen attitudes toward the police improved. |
|
Definition
ANS: D
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 253 OBJ: 7 TOP: implementing community policing |
|
|
Term
The concept of hot spots of crime is most closely associated with which model of policing?
a. Community-oriented policing (COP)
b. Neighborhood oriented policing (NOP)
c. Problem-oriented policing (POP)
d. Police-community relations (PCR) |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 257 OBJ: 9 TOP: problem-oriented policing |
|
|
Term
What police support unit is responsible for investigating allegations of police misconduct?
a. Internal affairs
b. Personnel services
c. Civilian review boards
d. Field-training offices |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 259 OBJ: 10 TOP: support functions |
|
|
Term
| community-oriented policing (COP |
|
Definition
| community-oriented policing (COP programs designed to bring police and the public closer together and create a more coop-erative working environment between them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot spots of crime -the view that a significant portion of all police calls in metropolitan areas typically radiate from a relatively few locations: bars, malls, the bus depot, hotels, and certain apartment buildings |
|
|
Term
| neighborhood-oriented policing (NOP) |
|
Definition
| neighborhood-oriented policing (NOP) -a philosophy of police suggesting that problem solving is best done at the neighborhood level, where issues originate, not at a far-off central headquarters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proactive policing an aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers take the initiative against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur. For example, they stop motor vehicles to issue citations and aggressively arrest and detain suspicious persons |
|
|
Term
| problem-oriented policing (POP) |
|
Definition
problem-oriented policing (POP)
-a style of police management that stresses proactive problem solving instead of reactive crime fighting |
|
|
Term
The term "blue curtain" describes:
a. Police reluctance to express personal feelings to each other
b. The police practice of shrouding the windows and doors of the briefing room when confidential information is disseminated at roll call
c. The secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police subculture
d. The cloth used to drape the coffins of slain police officers |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 277 OBJ: 4 TOP: police culture |
|
|
Term
Which of the following traits is said to be found at all levels of policing?
a. Anger
b. Racism
c. Dogmatism
d. Cynicism |
|
Definition
ANS: D
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 278 OBJ: 5 TOP: police personality |
|
|
Term
Which of the following perspectives on the police personality has been supported by research?
a. Police officers tend to be rigid and cynical
b. Police officers value personality traits such as flexibility and emotion
c. Police officers are less depressed and anxious than the general population
d. All of these |
|
Definition
ANS: D
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 278 OBJ: 5 TOP: police personality |
|
|
Term
An officer that approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, checks everyone's ID, and arrests all who are underage would typify which style of policing?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 279 OBJ: 6 TOP: police style |
|
|
Term
An officer that approaches a group of teenagers standing in a parking lot, checks them for gang symbols, and calls into the station to ascertain if any of them have active warrants exemplifies which style of policing?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 279 OBJ: 6 TOP: police style |
|
|
Term
Which police style involves problem-solving and is therefore well suited for community policing?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 279 OBJ: 6 TOP: police style |
|
|
Term
Which police style is associated with the preference to ignore issues of concern or treat them informally, unless the social or political order is being jeopardized?
a. Crime fighter
b. Social agent
c. Law enforcer
d. Watchman |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 279 OBJ: 6 TOP: police style |
|
|
Term
In which of the following situations would a police officer exercise the greatest amount of discretion?
a. Homicide
b. Traffic stop
c. Aggravated assault
d. Hostage situation |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 281 OBJ: 7 TOP: police discretion |
|
|
Term
Which of the following factors is most likely to foster individual discretion on the part of officers within a department?
a. Large department size
b. A high ratio of sergeants to patrol officers
c. Supervisors who spend time mentoring and coaching d. Written guidelines |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 283 OBJ: 7 TOP: police discretion |
|
|
Term
Court decisions that limit police discretion are an example of a(n):
a. External stressor
b. Organizational stressor
c. Duty stressor
d. Individual stressor |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 288 OBJ: 8 TOP: job stress |
|
|
Term
The inconvenience and physical strains that come from rotating shift work are both examples of:
a. External stressors
b. Organizational stressors
c. Duty stressors
d. Individual stressors |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 288 OBJ: 8 TOP: job stress |
|
|
Term
What U.S. Supreme Court decision set forth the “reasonable officer” standard for police use of deadly force?
a. Williams v New York
b. Graham v. Connor
c. Sherman v. California
d. Tennessee v. Garner |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 300 OBJ: 10 TOP: deadly force |
|
|
Term
What is the lowest level of reasonable officer response mapped out in the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center's use-of-force model?
a. Contact controls
b. Verbal commands
c. Compliance techniques
d. Defensive tactics |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 300 OBJ: 10 TOP: deadly force |
|
|
Term
Which of the following did the Knapp Commission conclude in its investigation of corruption within the NYPD during the 1970s?
a. The majority of police engaged in corruption were passively corrupt, accepting payoffs when they were solicited by the public.
b. The majority of police engaged in corruption were actively corrupt, using their status as law enforcement to demand payoffs.
c. The majority of corrupt police were engaged in drug dealing.
d. The majority of corrupt police were engaged in violence. |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 293 OBJ: 9 TOP: police corruption |
|
|
Term
| White policewomen are more likely to perceive sexual discrimination than African American policewomen. |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 293 OBJ: 9 TOP: police corruption |
|
|
Term
| The consideration of a suspect's gender is considered an extralegal discretionary factor. |
|
Definition
. ANS: T
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 281 OBJ: 7 TOP: police discretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accountability system- a system that makes police supervisors responsible for the behavior of the officers in their command |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blue curtain the secretive, insulated police culture that isolates officers from the rest of society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cynicism the belief that most people's actions are motivated solely by personal needs and selfishness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Discretion the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the criminal justice system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double marginality according to Nicholas Alex, the social burden that African American police officers carry by being both minority-group members and law enforcement officers |
|
|
Term
| Most departments promote police personnel according to the ____________________ system |
|
Definition
ANS: time-in-rank
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 235 OBJ: 2 TOP: police organization |
|
|
Term
| Aggressive patrol is a tactic employed as part of an overall philosophy of ____________________ policing. |
|
Definition
ANS: proactive
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 252 OBJ: 7 TOP: elements of community policing |
|
|
Term
| A(n) ____________________ is an operation designed to encourage and observe criminal behavior so the officers can make an arrest |
|
Definition
ANS: sting
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 246 OBJ: 6 TOP: sting operations |
|
|
Term
| Organized citizen groups that examine police misconduct are termed ____________________. |
|
Definition
ANS: civilian review boards
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 260 OBJ: 10 TOP: support functions |
|
|
Term
| College degrees may have little direct impact on promotion potential for police officers. |
|
Definition
ANS: T
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 234 OBJ: 1 TOP: police organization |
|
|
Term
| Detective divisions are typically organized into sections or bureaus. |
|
Definition
ANS: T
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 244 OBJ: 6 TOP: the investigation function |
|
|
Term
Which term describes the experience of black officers who must deal with the expectation that they will give members of their own race a break, while at the same time experiencing overt racism from their police colleagues?
a. The black curtain
b. Double marginality
c. Ethnic role strain
d. Toxic race relations |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 272 OBJ: 3 TOP: minority police officers |
|
|
Term
Which of the following factors is most likely to foster individual discretion on the part of officers within a department?
a. Large department size
b. A high ratio of sergeants to patrol officers
c. Supervisors who spend time mentoring and coaching d. Written guidelines |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 283 OBJ: 7 TOP: police discretion |
|
|
Term
What does research indicate is the most important determinant of police response in police use-of-force incidents?
a. Suspect age
b. Suspect race
c. Suspect behavior
d. Alleged crime committed |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 291 OBJ: 9 TOP: violence and brutality |
|
|
Term
The phrase "being on the pad" is associated with which category of police corruption?
a. Internal corruption
b. Bribery and extortion
c. Active criminality
d. Selective enforcement or nonenforcement |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 294 OBJ: 9 TOP: police corruption |
|
|
Term
| The ____________________ style of policing is characterized by an emphasis on maintaining public order. |
|
Definition
ANS: watchman
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 279 OBJ: 6 TOP: police style |
|
|
Term
| The ____________________ rule is the oldest standard relating to the use of deadly force, dating back to English Common Law. |
|
Definition
ANS: fleeing felon
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 300 OBJ: 10 TOP: deadly force |
|
|
Term
| In the case Tennessee v. Garner, the U.S. Supreme Court deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed, nondangerous fleeing felon to be a violation of the ____________________ Amendment. |
|
Definition
ANS: Fourth
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 300 OBJ: 10 TOP: deadly force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * beats-designated police patrol areas |
|
|
Term
| broken windows model-role of the police as maintainers of community order and safety |
|
Definition
| * broken windows model-role of the police as maintainers of community order and safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * internal affairs-unit that investigates allegations of police misconduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *procedural justice-a concern with making decision that are arrived at through procedures that are viewed as being fair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *corruption-exercising legitimate discretion for improper reasons or pursuing illegal means to achieve approved goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * deadly force-police killing of a suspect who resists arrest or presents a danger to an officer or the community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * Knapp Commission-a public body that conducted an investigation into police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s and uncovered a widespread network of payoffs and bribes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * police brutality-actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with nightsticks, and stopping and searching people to harass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * booking-the administrative record of an arrest listing the offender's name, address, physical description, date of birth, employer, time of arrest, offense, and name of arresting officer; it also includes photographing and fingerprinting of the offender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * lineup-placing a suspect in a group for the purpose of being viewed and identified by a witness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * stop and frisk-the situation in which police officers who are suspicious of an individual run their hands lightly over the suspect's outer garments to determine if the person is carrying a concealed weapon—also called a threshold inquiry or pat-down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appellate courts-courts that reconsider cases that have already been tried to determine whether the lower court proceedings complied with accepted rules of criminal procedure and constitutional doctrines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| court of last resort-a court that handles the final appeal on a matter—in the federal system, the U.S. Supreme Court |
|
|
Term
| * courts of general jurisdiction |
|
Definition
| * courts of general jurisdiction-courts that try felony cases and more serious civil matters |
|
|
Term
| * courts of limited jurisdiction- |
|
Definition
| * courts of limited jurisdiction-courts that handle misdemeanors and minor civil complaints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *U.S. Court of Appeals-an appellate court in the federal court system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *U.S. District Court-a trial court in the federal court system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *U.S. Supreme Court-the highest appellate court in the United States |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defense attorney-legal counsel for the defendant in a criminal case, representing the accused person from arrest to final appeal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * district attorney-the county prosecutor who is charged with bringing offenders to justice and enforcing the criminal laws of the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grand jury-a group of citizens chosen to hear charges against persons accused of crime and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the persons to trial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prosecutor-the public official who presents the government's case against a person accused of a crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| public defender-an attorney employed by the government to represent criminal defendants who cannot afford to pay for a lawyer |
|
|
Term
| community service restitution- |
|
Definition
| community service restitution-criminal sanction that requires the offender to work in the community at such tasks as cleaning public parks or helping handicapped children as an alternative to incarceration |
|
|
Term
| electronic monitoring (EM)- |
|
Definition
| electronic monitoring (EM)-electronic equipment that enables probation officers to monitor the location of those under house arrest or other forms of supervision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forfeiture-the seizure of personal property by the state as a civil or criminal penalty |
|
|
Term
| intensive probation supervision (IPS)- |
|
Definition
| intensive probation supervision (IPS)-a type of intermediate sanction involving small probation caseloads and strict daily or weekly monitoring |
|
|
Term
| * intermediate sanctions- |
|
Definition
| * intermediate sanctions-a group of punishments falling between probation and prison; community-based sanctions including house arrest and intensive supervision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| risk classification-assigning probationers to a level and type of supervision based on their particular needs and the risks they pose for the community |
|
|
Term
Prosecution of physician-assisted suicide, violence against the elderly, and cases in which pregnant women are known drug abusers are all examples of what role assumed by local prosecutors?
a. Investigators of private morality
b. Defenders of the public trust
c. Protectors of the public health
d. Maintainers of the nation's values |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 389 OBJ: 1 TOP: priority prosecution |
|
|
Term
The prosecutor's title, such as district attorney or U.S. attorney, depends on:
a. Whether they are elected or appointed officials
b. What area of the country they work in
c. The level of government and the jurisdiction they serve
d. The personal choice of the chief prosecutor |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 387 OBJ: 2 TOP: types of prosecutors |
|
|
Term
The term community prosecution refers to:
a. A prosecutorial philosophy that emphasizes community support and cooperation
b. The practice of opening prosecutor's offices in neighborhood police substations
c. The practice of prosecuting minor crimes occurring in a community
d. A prosecutorial philosophy swiftly prosecutes dangerous offenders who commit a high proportion of the crimes in a community |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 393 OBJ: 2 TOP: the prosecutor within society |
|
|
Term
All evidence points to the conclusion that prosecutorial discretion is used to:
a. Influence judicial decision making in the sentencing stage
b. Influence who gets re-elected to judgeships
c. Screen out the weakest cases
d. Achieve the most efficient case processing in terms of severity of sentence |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 394 OBJ: 3 TOP: prosecutorial discretion |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is the most common reason cases are rejected by prosecutors?
a. Due process problems
b. Arrest problems
c. Evidence problems
d. Interest of justice problems |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 393 OBJ: 3 TOP: prosecutorial discretion |
|
|
Term
Prosecutorial discretion is used to:
a. Reduce the number of cases that go to trial
b. Help the charging decision
c. Punish offenders
d. Impose indictment in the state court process |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 393 OBJ: 3 TOP: prosecutorial discretion |
|
|
Term
Which of the following may cause a case to be dismissed?
a. Inefficient evidence
b. Interest of justice
c. Due process problems
d. All these |
|
Definition
ANS: D
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 393 OBJ: 3 TOP: prosecutorial discretion |
|
|
Term
Who is the counterpart of the prosecuting attorney in the adversarial system?
a. The judge
b. The defendant
c. The defense attorney
d. The arresting officer |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 400 OBJ: 6 TOP: the defense attorney |
|
|
Term
A public defender is assigned by the:
a. Prosecutor
b. Jury
c. Court
d. Clerk of the court |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 404 OBJ: 6 TOP: the defense attorney |
|
|
Term
The right to counsel begins at which point of the criminal process?
a. When a suspect is interrogated
b. When a suspect is booked
c. When charges are brought
d. When a prosecutor takes the case |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 403 OBJ: 8 TOP: the right to counsel |
|
|
Term
Which case established that procedural safeguards, including the right to counsel, must be followed at custodial interrogation to secure the privilege against self-incrimination?
a. Gideon v. Wainwright
b. Miranda v. Arizona
c. United States v. Wade
d. Coleman v. Alabama |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 403 OBJ: 8 TOP: the right to counsel |
|
|
Term
| Interviewing witnesses in a criminal case is one of the duties of the prosecutor |
|
Definition
ANS: T
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 387 OBJ: 1 TOP: the duties of the prosecutor |
|
|
Term
| "District attorney" is usually the title given to the chief prosecutor for a county. |
|
Definition
ANS: T
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 390 OBJ: 2 TOP: types of prosecutors |
|
|
Term
| The ethical duties of the prosecutor and defense attorney are outlined in the American Bar Association's ____________________. |
|
Definition
ANS: Model Code of Professional Responsibility
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 386-387 OBJ: 1 TOP: the prosecutor |
|
|
Term
John Augustus pioneered his work in which state?
a. Massachusetts
b. Missouri
c. Vermont
d. Michigan |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 533 OBJ: 2 TOP: history of probation |
|
|
Term
What happens when probation is revoked?
a. The probation contract is terminated and the original sentence is imposed
b. The judgment is deferred until such time as the defendant is rehabilitated
c. The suspended sentence is held in abeyance and the defendant is subject to mandatory participation in a pretrial diversion program
d. The probation contract is extended and a prison term is imposed |
|
Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 533 OBJ: 4 TOP: why probation? |
|
|
Term
Community corrections has traditionally emphasized:
a. Incapacitation
b. Rehabilitation
c. Retribution
d. Retaliation |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 556 OBJ: 9 TOP: advantages of intermediate sanctions |
|
|
Term
What do judges generally rely on when determining financial penalties and fines?
a. The defendant's ability to pay
b. The seriousness of the offense
c. Whether or not the defendant was able to post bail d. The recommendation of the probation officer in the presentence investigation |
|
Definition
ANS: B
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 549 OBJ: 9 TOP: fines |
|
|
Term
Community service is an example of:
a. Forfeiture
b. Shock incarceration
c. Restitution
d. Intensive probation supervision |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 550 OBJ: 9 TOP: restitution |
|
|
Term
Which intermediate sanction makes a jail term a condition of probation?
a. Shock probation
b. Intensive probation supervision
c. Split sentencing
d. Residential community corrections |
|
Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 551 OBJ: 9 TOP: shock probation and split sentencing |
|
|
Term
| ____________________ means that the probation contract is terminated and the original sentence is enforced. |
|
Definition
ANS: Revocation
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 533 OBJ: 4 TOP: why probation? |
|
|
Term
| A(n) ____________________ is a sentence of incarceration that is not carried out unless the offender disobeys the rules of probation while in the community. |
|
Definition
ANS: suspended sentence
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 535 OBJ: 4 TOP: awarding probation |
|
|
Term
| ____________________ is when the offender must pay the victim or community back for damages. |
|
Definition
ANS: Restitution
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 550 OBJ: 9 TOP: restitution |
|
|
Term
| ____________________ probation involves resentencing an offender to probation after a short prison stay. |
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Definition
ANS: Shock
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 551 OBJ: 4 TOP: shock probation and split sentencing |
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Term
| Courts have supported the imposition of conditions on probation as long as they are reasonable. |
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Definition
ANS: T
PTS: 1 DIF: 2 REF: p. 535 OBJ: 7 TOP: legal rights of probationers |
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Term
24. Of these choice, which is the most punitive alternative on the punishment ladder?
a. Residential community center
b. Pretrial release
c. Restitution
d. House arrest |
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Definition
ANS: A
PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: p. 548 OBJ: 9 TOP: advantages of intermediate sanctions |
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Term
Which duty involves evaluating the probationer based on information from the initial intake or presentence investigation?
a. Investigation
b. Intake
c. Diagnosis
d. Treatment supervision |
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Definition
ANS: C
PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: p. 539 OBJ: 5 TOP: duties of probation officers |
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Term
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Definition
| foot patrol-police patrol that takes officers out of cars and puts them on a walking beat to strengthen ties with the community |
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Term
| order maintenance (peacekeeping)- |
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Definition
| order maintenance (peacekeeping)-maintaining order and authority without the need for formal arrest; "handling the situation"; keeping things under control by means of threats, persuasion, and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| excited delirium-an overdose of adrenaline that can occur in heated confrontations with the police |
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Term
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Definition
| overload hypothesis-the theory that police workload influences discretion so that as workload increases, less time and attention can be devoted to new cases, especially petty crimes |
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Term
| fruit of the poisonous tree- |
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Definition
| fruit of the poisonous tree-secondary evidence obtained from a search that violates the exclusionary rule |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage-grounds or fields attached to a house |
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Term
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Definition
| Missouri Plan-a method of judicial selection that combines a judicial nominating commission, executive appointment, and nonpartisan confirmation elections |
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Term
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Definition
| rule of four-the convention that four justices must agree to hear a case before a writ of certiorari will be issued |
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Term
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Definition
| pro bono-the practice by private attorneys of taking the cases of indigent offenders without fee as a service to the profession and the community |
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Term
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Definition
| * zero tolerance-a practice in which criminal defendants forfeit homes, cars, and so on for the slightest law violation |
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Term
| * presentence investigation- |
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Definition
| * presentence investigation-a postconviction investigation, performed by a probation officer attached to the trial court, of the defendant's background, education, employment, family, acquaintances, physical and mental health, prior criminal record, and other factors that may affect sentencing |
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