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Definition
Reflects the researcher’s best educated idea about the expected answer to a question.
Pg 63 (Generating Hypotheses) |
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Definition
No difference, or no relationship between the variables being studied.
Pg 63 (Generating Hypotheses) |
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Definition
Statistically significant effects merely by chance.
Pg 66 (Measuring Key Variables) |
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Term
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Definition
Relationship that is observed between two variables in a sample of individuals.
Pg 70 (Selecting a Research Design) |
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Term
| Multiple Correlation/Multiple Regression Designs |
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Definition
-Used when researchers are interested in determining the associations among more than two variables at a time.
-More complex than simple correlation, but are much more representative of the complicated associations among multiple factors as they occur in the world
Pg 72 (Selecting a Research Design) |
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Term
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Definition
[can be generalized to a population]
“… the sample is not a representative sample of the larger population from which it is drawn, the results of the study may be biased or influenced by the characteristics of the sample.”
Pg 76 (Selecting a Sample) |
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Term
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Definition
The probability that the pattern of data that was observed did not occur by chance.
Pg 77 (Testing Hypotheses) |
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Definition
Index of the degree of association between two variables or magnitude of the difference between groups – given that the effect has achieved the traditional criterion for statistical significance.
Pg 78 (Testing Hypotheses) |
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Term
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Definition
Is the effect sufficiently large that it reflects a meaningful difference in the well-being or functioning of the individuals involved?
- consists of reliability, statistical significance, and size and magnitude of effect used to establish psychopathology.
Pg 78 (Testing Hypotheses) |
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Term
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Definition
Allows researchers to derive a numerical index (overall effect size), synthesizing findings of multiple studies.
Pg 80 (Interpreting and Disseminating Findings) |
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Term
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Definition
-The association between a measure of specific construct and a measure of a related construct taken at the same point in time.
-Concurrent validity is a form of criterion validity in which construct and the criterion are measured at the same point in time
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
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Definition
-Degree to which the structure of a hypothetical construct is reflected in the structure of a test or procedure that is designed to measure the construct.
-Construct validity of psychological tests is often tested using the statistical procedure of confirmatory factor analysis.
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
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Definition
Degree of association between two measures that are presumed to measure the same construct.
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
| Descriptive Research Designs |
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Definition
Describe a particular phenomenon without trying to predict or explain when or why it occurs.
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of association between two measures that are presumed to measure different constructs.
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
| Experimental Research Designs |
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Definition
-The features of a research study that include the approach that is used to test the primary hypotheses of the study.
-Common research designs include between-group designs that involve comparison of two or more groups of participants, and within-groups designs which the hypotheses are concerned with relationships among variables within a group of participants.
(Pg 73 Experimental Research Designs) |
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Term
| Internal Consistency Reliability |
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Definition
-In science, a principle that states that elements of a theory do not contradict each other.
-In psychometrics, a measure of how strongly items on a scale are correlated
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
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Definition
-The level of agreement between two observers on a specific task;
-for example, inter-rater reliability is frequently calculated for methods that involve the direct observation of behavior
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
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Definition
-A single-case experimental design in which two or more treatment components targeting different outcomes or behaviors in the same individual are begun at different times, and data are collected continuously on all behaviors throughout treatment.
-When an intervention is begun, it is applied to only one of the behaviors and not to the others. If the intervention is specific, only the behaviors to which it is applied should change when that treatment is begun.
(Pg 69 Single-Case Designs) |
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Term
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Definition
-The association between a measure of specific construct and a measure of a related construct taken at a later point in time.
-Predictive validity is a form of criterion validity in which the construct and the criterion are measured at two different times.
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
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Definition
-Research designs that involve only a single participant.
-Data are typically obtained during a baseline period, during exposure to a specified experimental condition, and following withdrawal of the experimental condition (return to baseline).
-Changes in the individual’s functioning are assessed as these conditions are changed.
(Pg 69 Single-Case Design) |
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Term
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Definition
-The degree of consistency in scores or responses on a measure over one or more repeated administrations;
-typically expressed as a correlation coefficient.
(Pg 67 Types of Reliability and Validity in Clinical Psychology Research) |
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Term
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Definition
-In psychotherapy, the position taken increasingly by managed care organizations that psychotherapists should be able to document the effects of the procedures that they use in treatment.
-Accountability is an important reason to evaluate empirically the effectiveness of different psychotherapies.
(Pg 388 Why should we evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy?) |
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Term
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Definition
In psychotherapy research, studies examining the effectiveness of a particular treatment by measuring change over time in one treated individual.
(Pg 389 Within-Subjects Designs) |
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Term
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Definition
In psychotherapy research, studies examining the effectiveness of a particular treatment by comparing the outcomes of two or more groups of individuals, some whom receive the treatment and some do not.
(Pg. 391 Between-subjects Designs) |
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Term
| Single-case Experimental Design |
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Definition
Individual is exposed systematically to different conditions, and changes in the patient’s functioning are assessed.
(Pg 389 Within-Subjects Designs) |
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Term
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Definition
An outcome of interest is assessed continuously during a baseline condition, in which no treatment is in effect, followed by a condition in which treatment is implemented.
The phases are repeated, forming A-B-A-B
If outcome varies with introduction and retraction of treatment- there might be an effect.
(Pg 389 Within-subject Designs) |
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Term
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Definition
-A single-case experimental design in which two or more treatment components targeting different outcomes or behaviors in the same individual are begun at different times, and data are collected continuously on all behaviors throughout treatment.
-When an intervention is begun, it is applied to only one of the behaviors and not the others. If the intervention is specific, only the behaviors to which it is applied should change when that treatment is begun.
(Pg 389 Within-subjects Designs) |
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Term
| Non-randomized Control Group Studies |
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Definition
-Two “Naturally Occuring” groups are being compared.
-Simplest of Between-subjects designs.
-No way to tell if groups differed before manipulation.
(Pg 391 Between-subjects Designs) |
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Term
| Randomized Clinical Trials |
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Definition
Investigator randomly assigns some of the participants to one condition and other participants to a different condition.
-best bet for trying to control for systematic variation
(Pg 392 Randomized Clinical Trial RCT) |
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Term
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Definition
“inert substance that has no direct effect on the outcome in question”
-used routinely in treatment studies in medicine
(Pg 393 Randomized Clinical Trials) |
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Term
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Definition
-The understanding that many cognitive and behavioral treatments are composed of several components.
-The goal of component analysis is to identify those components that are necessary for the effectiveness of the treatment so that it can be offered and conducted more efficiently.
(Pg 394 Comparing the Components of Treatments) |
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Term
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Definition
-Studies of Studies
-procedure that statistically pools the results of existing studies on a particular topic
-Combines effect sizes
(Pg 395 Aggregating Findings Across Multiple Studies: Meta-Analysis) |
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Term
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Definition
-what treatment, by whom is most effective for people with what specific problems under which set of circumstances?
-Lots of studies were done to answer his question.
(Pg 398 Comparisons of Effectiveness of Different Psychotherapies) |
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Term
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Definition
-lack of differential efficacy between psychotherapies
-All psychotherapies seem to work equally well.
(Pg 399 Comparisons of Effectiveness of Different Psychotherapies) |
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Term
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Definition
Is the patient’s response proportional to the dose?
(Pg 403 The Dose Response Question) |
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Term
| Consumer Reports Psychotherapy Survey |
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Definition
A large scale survey conducted by “CR”; subscribers who responded to the survey reported that psychotherapy was effective in helping them deal more effectively with their problems.
(Pg 404 The Dose Response Question) |
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Term
| Empirically Supported Treatments |
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Definition
-Psychological treatments for various disorders that have been demonstrated empirically to meet certain criteria so as to be labeled “well established” or “probably efficacious” in their effectiveness.
-Updated lists of empirically supported treatments are published periodically by the Society of Clinical Psychology of APA.
(Pg 405 Empirically Supported Treatments) |
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Term
| National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Depression Research Project |
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Definition
The first and largest major study comparing the relative effectiveness of cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and medication in the treatment of depression.
(Pg 400 The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies for Different Disorders) |
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