Term
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Definition
-Arise from spermatocytes
-Benign coexist with malignant (teratoma, teratocarcinoma)
-seminomas most common
-mixed tumors secrete AFP and hCG which are hormones usually secreted in early development-they cause the cells to de-differentiate
-spread through lymph to lung, liver, bone, and brain
-seminomas-orchiectomy |
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Term
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Definition
(sarcomas)
-Cancer of connective tissue
-Most common in children
-low grade-little-to-no tissue invasion
-high grade-highly invasive
-metastasizes to lungs
-typical mutations in p53 and NF-1 TSG's |
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Term
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Definition
-usually found in lower extremities
-malignant osteoblasts
-metastasise to lung
-benign-osteoma |
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Term
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Definition
-Arise from cells closely aligned with adipocytes
-Prsence of lipid globules gives a foamy appearance |
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Term
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Definition
-Arise from cells that form smooth muscle
-Tumors grow along the muscle fibers
-Very Rare |
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Term
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Definition
Arise in cells that form striated skeletal muscle
-tumors mainly in head, neck & eye |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from meninges-protecive layer around the brain |
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Term
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Definition
If it comes from a lymphocyte-lymphoma, solid tumor mass
If it comes from any other blood cell-leukemia, circulating |
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Term
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Definition
-Chromosomal abnormality that is usually associated with Chronic Myologenous Leukemia (CML)
-Reciprical transolcation between chromosomes 9 and 22
-95% of CML patients have abnormality
-Region q34 of 9 to region q11 of 22
-9 is elongated
-22 is truncated (the Philadelphia chromosome)
-tyrosine-kinase inhibitors may be used to treat CML |
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Term
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Definition
Involve bone marrow and increased number of circulating mature and blast cells
-causes vascular obstruction, hemmorhage, stroke, etc.
5-10 year lag in development of leukemia after exposure to injury
cellular genetic abnormalities include:
-monosomy-one homologous chromosome missing
-trisomy-extra homologous chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
Neoplasias arising from mature B & T cells
Often a result of chronic immune modifications (HIV treatment, Transplant patient)
Hodgkin's Lymphoma-originates from WBC's |
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Term
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Definition
tumors arising from central and peripheral nervous system
various ceullular components can become malignant:
-astrocytes-glial cells in brain
-cerebellum-can live w/o it
-schwann cells-secrete myelin, helps with action potential conductance
-Rod's and cones-photoreceptors
-sympathetic ganglia-autonomic PNS |
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Term
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Definition
Glial cell transformations
presumed precursors of tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
Cerebellum
-show a rosette pattern
-often found in children because the granular level of tissue is rapidly turning over |
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Term
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Definition
schwann sheath cells
-cells secrete myelin
-inability to transfer neural impulses effectively
-"halo's" around malignant cells
-neurofibroma-cancer of schwann cell in PNS |
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Term
| Retinoblastoma (short overview) |
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Definition
rods, cones, neural crest
can inherit mutations, more on this later... |
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Term
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Definition
sympathetic ganglia of the PNS
-usually shown in children
-dense fibrous web surrounds cells
-normally, one neurite -> axon and other neurite -> dendrites |
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Term
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Definition
-malignancy of melanocytes
-melanocytes occur in stratum basale
-have long cytoplasmic projections through which they deposit melanosomes into keritanocytes
*If melanocytes are malignant, keratinocytes will become malignant |
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Term
| Small cell lung carcinomas |
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Definition
| contain neurosecretory cells that secrete peptides |
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Term
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Definition
cells that are only able to divide a certain number of times
the more specialized a cell, the less likely it is to undergo mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
-in some tissues, cell renewal continues throughout life
-stem cell remains dedifferentiated throughout life
-quiescent until there is a need for replenishment (skin, GI Tract, Bone Marrow, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
Totipotent-able to become any tissue, including the placent-MORULA CELLS
Pluripotent-able to become any tissue except the placenta (BLASTOCYST CELLS)-also called embryonic stem cells
Multipotent-form multiple, but limited, number of lineages-Adult Stem Cells (ex. blood stems cells can produce red, white, etc.)
Omnipotent-able to give rise to a single cell lineage |
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Term
| Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes |
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Definition
Proto-Onc (c-ONC)-normal genes that code for proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiation
ONC-gene that is mutated or expressed at high levels-helps turn nomral cell into tumor cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-Oncogene-gene that protects the cell from excessive proliferation and prevents that one step on path to cancer |
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Term
| Rate of mitosis in normal and tumor cells |
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Definition
normal-1 cycle/30 minutes
tumor-1 cycle/7 minutes |
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Term
| Autosomal Recessive Inheritance |
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Definition
-Each parent must be, at least, a carrier
-25% normal, 50% carrier, 25% affected
-Examples- Wilm's Retinoblastoma, XP |
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Term
| Autosomal Dominant Inheritance |
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Definition
One parent must be affected
-50% chance child will be affected
-Examples- Li Fraumeni, HNPCC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Loss of Heterozygosity through recombination |
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Definition
Begin as Rr
Replication -> RRrr
Crossing over -> RrRr
chromatids now independently assort
can result in:
-Rr and Rr
OR
-RR and rr (LOH) |
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Term
| Xeroderma Pigmentosum (Stats) |
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Definition
Extreme Sensativity to sunlight
-incidence of skin cancer near 100%
-lesions develop into squamous and basal cell carcinomas and melanomas
-Usually develop cancer by 25 years old, as opposed to the nomral 65 years old population |
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Term
| Mutation that leads to XP |
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Definition
Mutation in Nucleotide Exclusion Repair System
-encoded by 8 genes
-pyrimidine dimers are not recognized, and therefore can not be repaired
-UV damage most important lesion requireming NER repair
-1st known Human Cancer Susceptibility Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Human non-Polyposis Colon Cancer
-responsible for 2-3% of colon cancers
-increased susceptibility to endometrial, stomach, ovary, and UTI's
-progression takes about 8-10 years, very quick
-Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern |
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Term
| Mutation that leads to HNPCC |
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Definition
-Mis-match repair Genes (MMR)-about 4-5 genes control
-80% of those that inherit this gene will develop HNPCC
MSH2-recognizes mismatches
MSH1-signals repair enzymes |
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Term
| Ways in which MMR becomes mutated |
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Definition
1) Somatic mutations
2) Promoter methylation (most)
3) Transcriptional silencing |
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Term
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Definition
loss of BRCA-2 function leads to karyotypic abnormalities
functions in repair of broken chromosomes
broken chromosomes lead ot non-homologous fusions
mutation of BRCA-2 occur in 70-80% of all familial ovarian cancers |
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Term
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Definition
Unusual chromosome fusions as a result of improper DNA repair of breaks
ability of daughter cells to separate completely at cytokinesis is affected
-tubilin does not disintegrate
lead to mitotic catastrophe and cell death |
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Term
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Definition
repair DNA breaks
-bring proteins to area to help repair breakages
mutation results in hybrid chromosomes
also control certain cell checkpoints
-BRCA 1-S phase, G2/M phase, recombination checkpoints
-BRCA 2-recombination checkpoints ONLY |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in chromosome number due to many factors, including non-disjunction |
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Term
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Definition
Loss of p53 TSG
Can lead to breast cancer, wilms tumor, glioblastoma, leukemia, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and sarcoma
usually a single type will occur at an elevated frequency
TSG's may be inherited, but ONCOGENES ARE NOT INHERITED |
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Term
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Definition
-Mucosa of colon has millions of cytoplasmic projections (villi) that increase surface area-volume ratio and absorption-these cells are constantly dividing to replace dead cells
crypts-lower portion of villi-in a normal cross section, you would expect to see epithelial cells lining a relatively empty space
Multi-Step Progression:
Adenomatous Crypts-THICK layer of cells lining an empty space. From here, progression can go one of two ways:
1) Villous adenoma-cells move up the side of the crypts and will move inside villi spaces, leading to a non-uniform villi pattern-DO NOT PRODUCE POLYPS
2) Tubular Adenoma-cells bud inwards towards the center of the crypts-A POLYP CAN BE DETECTED BY A COLONOSCOPY
Then, both (1) and (2) progress to invasive and metastases |
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Term
| Common Colon TSG Mutation |
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Definition
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Term
| Four pieces of evidence for multi-step progression |
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Definition
1) on occasion, carcinomas can be observed growing out of adenomas
2) after polypectomy, colorectal cancers are reduced by 80%
3) supportive histopathology-progression of certain histopathological changes correlate with progressive genetic changes
4) LOH |
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Term
| Genetic Progression of Colonic Carcinoma |
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Definition
1) Loss of APC Gene
-either somatic (sporadic) or inherited
2) DNA Hypomethylation
-suppresses gene expression
3) Proto onc (RAS) --? ONC (K-RAS)
4) Loss of 18q TSG
-when polyptosis occurs
5) Loss of p53 TSG |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated exposure of same tissue to a carcinogeneic insult causing sporadic mutations |
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Term
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Definition
1) 1 daugher cell becomes another stem cell and the other daughter cell differentiates and loses the ability to divide
2) 1 daughter cell becomes another stem cell and another daughter cell becomes a transit-amplifying cell (progenitor cell) capable of dividing only a certain number of times |
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