Term
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Definition
ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
protective barrier is lost |
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Term
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Definition
| Residual squamous mucosa replaced by secretory metaplastic cells from the stomach wall as a result of acid reflux-leads to ulcerated adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| Uterine/Endometrial Carcinoma |
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Definition
Result of dysplasia
menopausal women taking estrogen replacement therapy to treat secondary issues such as osteoporosis |
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Term
| 3 cell reactions to an insult |
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Definition
1) Cells can experience transient change that affects physiology
2) Cells can experience irreversible damage leading to necrosis
3) Cells can adapt to injury and transition toward a neoplastic transformation |
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Term
Genes involved in:
1) Cell Cycle Regulation
2) DNA Repair
3) Apoptosis |
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Definition
1) p16, p15, BRCA-1
2) BRCA 1, MGMT
3) DAPK, TMS1 |
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Term
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Definition
-Causes spectrum of p53 dimer mutations
-mutations of p53 found in 80% of tumors
-TT Dimerization easily repaired
-CC Dimerization difficult to repair |
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Term
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Definition
Melanocytes-cells that have melanin-containing melanosomes
-melanin is transfered to keritanocytes
-pigment parasols shield the keritinocytes from UV |
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Term
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Definition
Molecules with incomplete electron shells, able to establish chain reactions and more free radicals
-can damage membranes
-can damage cross-linking proteins
-Endogenous for is the most prolific, and is generated from oxygen during metabolism
-Exogenous sources include tobacco smoke, pollutants, pesticides, and solvents
Antioxidants-vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
reduced oxygen
Can be caused by extreme cold
Cessation of oxidative processes leads to the impairment of the sodium potassium pump and cessation of ATP production
-Causes clumping of chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
-p53 deficient (tumor) cells are much more sensitive to chemotherapy and do not recover
-Normal cells are much more resistant to chemotheraputic agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor cells produce high-heat proteins which stimulate the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
alternative current most severe
skin most resistant, will be damaged
bone and fat do not conduct, will be most affected
Bodily fluids and nerves conduct, not as affected
Low-dose alternating current has shown efficacy in the treatment of prostatic cancer while causing no harm to nerves or blood vessels |
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Term
| Electromagnetic radiation |
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Definition
induces TT Dimers, which causes cells to stop dividing at G2/M Phase
Non iodizing:
-causes vibrations of molecules
-converted to heat
-causes cell damage |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha particles-effects at skin level
Beta particles-Highly targeted and penetrative |
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Term
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Definition
Acids and bases are corrosive
early exposure to vinyl chloride (plastics) can cause changes in bodys cells
CCl4-present in cleaning fluids, liver and kidney cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Schistosomes- bladder cancer
cholaraisis- liver cancer |
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Term
Nutritional Imbalances
Effects of:
-Folic Acid
-Vitamin C
-Vitamin D
-Dietary Fat
-Hyperglycemia |
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Definition
Folic acid- promotes colon cancer, abnormal incorporation of uracil into the DNA
Vitamin C-protects against oxidative damage caused by H. pylori
Dietary Fat-increased risk of mammary cancer
Hyperglycemia-abormal glucose metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
1) Inflammatory Phase (First few Days):
-Hemostasis is immediate-increase in blood viscosity slows down blood flow and leads to clotting
-Vascular dilation and increased capillary permeability
-Cellular infiltration of white cells and phagocytes, release of growth factors
2) Proliferative Stage (3 days-3 weeks):
-Collagen building by fibroblasts
-Angiogenesis
-Cell Proliferation
-Edema diminishes
-Scar tissue laid down (granulation tissue, also called epithelialization
3) Remodeling Phase (After 3 weeks):
-wound increases in tensile strength |
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Term
Factors that Affect Wound Healing:
CHO
Fats
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin B
Vitamin K
Minerals |
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Definition
CHO-needed for fuel
Fats-cell membrane synthesis
Vitamin A-epithelialization, collagen synthesis
Vitamin C-collagen & Protein synthesis
Vitamin B- enzymatic cofactors
Vitamin K- prothrombin producting, clotting
Minerals-cofactor synthesis |
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Term
| Metastases often spread to specific sites because: |
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Definition
1) Can only multiply in sites that have specific growth factors
2) Become "glued" to specific membranes
3) Chemoattraction-selectively attracted to specific sites by organ-specific molecules |
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Term
| Melanoma metastatic spread |
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Definition
| Melanosomes detected by neutraphils, and attach to neutraphils, The neutraphils are then transferred to the lungs with the melanosomes. The melanosomes anchor to the lung vessel walls and can now migrate through the lung wall to further metastasize |
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Term
| Colon cancer metastatic spread |
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Definition
| The hepatic portal vein provides a route for metastasizing colon cancer cells to migrate to the liver |
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Term
| breast cancer metastatic spread |
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Definition
| breast cancer often metastasizes to the brain |
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Term
| Two main cell-division stimulating mechanisms |
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Definition
1)Paracrine signalling-one local cell signals another local cell via receptors detecting hormones and growth factors
2)Autocrine signalling-automatic stimulation-cell already contains necessary hormones, growth factors, and receptors |
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Term
| Systemic Effects of neoplasia |
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Definition
Direct-compression, invasion leading to pain & disfunction
Indirect- elaboration of peptide hormones & cytokines, which leads to paraneoplastic syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
Cytokines-tumor related fever & weight loss
Breakdown of cellular components-metabolic abmormalities and clotting/bleeding
Production of auto-antibodies-autoimmune diseases, hemolytic anemia
Altered expression of integrins-adhesion molecules decrase, mediates invasion and spread
production of stromolysin-3-promote tumor invasion and reduce survival rate |
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Term
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Definition
Simple squamous-blood and lymph vasculature
Simple cuboidal-kidney
Simple columnar-intesines
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar-trachea
Stratified squamous-espohogus and skin (non keritinized and keritinized)
Transitional-ureter and bladder (contracted) and distended |
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Term
| Non-epithelial neoplasias |
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Definition
-account for 80% of all cancers
-Large proportion occur in children and young adults |
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Term
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Definition
-neural crest cells produce substances that have a profound influence on circulatory, Gi tract, lungs
-most occur in the gut
-2/3 are benign
-sit in the folds of the gut
-little difference between benign & malignant
-readily metastacise to liver w/ poor prognosis |
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