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Definition
-study of human beings
-systematic study of humankind
-study of human nature, human society, and human past
-study of human species and its immediate ancestors |
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| -includes many aspects of a multifaceted system (past, present, & future/ biology, language, culture) |
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| constant comparison of cultures and customs of societies |
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Definition
aka physical anthropology
seeks to answer questions of
1. human evolution (how we got where we are today)
2. current human diversity
ex- Paleoanthropology, Primatology |
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Definition
-study of human past
-analysis of remains left by older human societies1 |
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-study of languages
-historical, structural, and sociolinguistics |
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| study of how languages change over time and how they may be related |
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| study of how sounds and words are put together in speech |
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Definition
| study of social context of language |
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| Paleoanthropology/ Human Paleontology |
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Definition
| studies the emergence of humans and our later evolution |
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Definition
| studies the behavior and evolution of non-human primates |
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Definition
-study of human society and culture
-analyzes social and cultural similarities and differences
-qualitative
-participant-observation
-findings reported in ethnographies |
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Term
| Qualitative Research and Participant-Observation |
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Definition
-non-numeric
-researcher takes part in the activities being observed, interacts with members of the community |
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Definition
-cultural anthropologists reported findings
-detailed descriptions of people they have studied |
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Definition
-applied anthropology
-anthros should focus on research and teaching and avoid getting involved in policy |
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Term
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Definition
-applied anthropology
-anthros should carry out policy, but not make or criticize it
-personal value judgments kept separate from sci investigation
-ethical issue- flawed policy w/o criticism?
-patronizing/condescending "white man knows best" similar to policy w/NA |
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Definition
-applied anthropology
-anthros should be actively involved in making policy that affects people
-advocacy |
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Term
| Cultural Resource Management |
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Definition
| applied anthropology aimed at preserving sites threatened by dams, highways, and other projects |
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Definition
| growth of population levels and how they affect agriculture, disease, etc. |
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| Writing by Miner analyzing the American society from an anthropological standpoint |
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Term
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Definition
-testable and correctable explanation of observable phenomena that yields new information about nature
-explains existing data & makes predictions about new data
-cannot be proven, only disproven |
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Definition
(evidence from past)
-anything made or modified by humans
-ceramics and lithics most common |
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Definition
(evidence from past)
-natural objects that have been used or affected by humans
-bones/shells, plants/pollens, vermin |
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Definition
(evidence from past)
-hardened remains or impressions of animals or plants that lived in the past
-bones --> teeth |
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(evidence from past)
-human artifacts that cannot be removed from an archaeological site
- hearth, buildings, footprints |
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| artifacts made from baked clay |
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| known or suspected locations of human activity in the past that contain a record of that activity |
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Definition
| study of processes affecting animal remains |
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Definition
| forensic anthropologist who lives in OKC. worked on identifying Nazi war criminals and many murder/terrorism victims |
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Definition
-most common type: based on stratigraphy
-lower layers generally older
-utilize indicator fossils to establish relative sequence |
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Definition
-based on decay of radioactive isotope to date things
-decay is half-life |
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes for half of the isotope in the sample to decay to its stable form |
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| rock formations laid down in layers, aid in dating |
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Definition
C12 common
C14 radioactive
C14 half-life is 5730 years |
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-European philosophers organized life into decreasing order of perfection
-humans at top, followed by apes, monkeys, mammals, birds, fish, etc. |
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Carolus Linnaeus
Linnaean nomenclature |
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Definition
-systematized Great Chain of Being into sci framework based on anatomy
-Genus species sub-species |
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-early advocate of evolution (late 18th century)
-believed characteristics acquired during an animal's lifetime could be passed onto offspring
-contradicted by modern genetics |
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| -wrote influential book called Principles of Geology |
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| the idea that the earth is constantly being shaped and reshaped by gradual, natural forces that have operated over a vast stretch of time |
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| quick series of catastrophes account for observed geological formations |
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-early 19th century
-journeyed the world on HMS Beagle for 5 years
-fruition of natural selection |
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Galapagos Islands
Darwin's Finches |
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Definition
-on trip, Darwin observed evolution in the form of these animals in an environment that was well separated and several species of this animal
-evidence of evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| proposed evolution by natural selection the same time as Darwin |
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| On the Origin of Species (1859) |
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Definition
| Darwins first book outlining theory of natural selection, mentions evolution |
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Term
| Evolution v. Natural Selection |
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Definition
fact inferred from gradual changes in animal life over long time periods
v
scientific theory proposed to explain observed facts |
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Term
1. Variation
(natural selection) |
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Definition
| within a species there is variation for a specific trait |
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2. Heritability
(natural selection) |
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Definition
| offspring inherit traits from their parents |
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3. Differential Reproductive Success
(natural selection) |
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Definition
| better adapted individuals leave more offspring in future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| traits spread through populations if there is ___ to solve problems faced by organism. |
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Definition
-traits that result in greater reproductive success within a particular environment
-solution to selection pressure
-context dependent |
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Definition
-example of natural selection in england
-peppered gray moths <=> clean air
-black moths <=> pollution |
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Definition
| humans auditing breeding and passing of traits (dogs, etc) |
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1) variability - some bacteria more resistant to antibiotics
2) heritability - pass resistance on
3) differential reproductive success - antibiotic resistant microbes leave more offspring, trait spreads through population |
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Definition
| work with pea pods revealed "units of heredity" that are distinct and do not blend (aka genes) |
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Term
| natural selection & randomness |
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Definition
-sometimes criticized as a random process, but actually incorporates a random component but is not a random process
1)Generation of variability (random)
2)selection of successful traits (non-random) selection pressure produces fittest traits |
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Definition
| man who defended Darwin's theory of evolution against creationism |
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Term
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Definition
-biblical creationism with explicit references to God removed
-rejects uniformitarianism, accepts catastrophism |
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Definition
-1925, Teacher tried for teaching evolution in violation of Tennessee law
-guilty, then reversed on technicality |
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| Reasons to study primates |
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Definition
-humans closest relatives
-comparison for behavior |
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Definition
-first to study apes systematically in their natural habitat
-funded Jane Goodall |
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Term
Jane Goodall
Dian Fossey, Birute Galdikas |
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Definition
-mother of naturalistic primate studies
-chimps, gorillas, orangutans
-studies under Leakey |
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Term
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Definition
-Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata
-flexible hands and feet (opposable thumbs, rotating forearm, fingernails)
-greater reliance on vision (stereoscopic vision, depth perception)
-dentition- teeth less specialized over time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) Prosimians
2) New World Monkeys
3) Old World Monkeys
4) Lesser Apes
5) Great Apes
6) Hominids |
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Term
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Definition
-retain more ancestral traits, resemble other mammals more than other primates do
-higher reliance on smell, more pronounced snout, wet noses
-Lemurs, Sifakas, Bushbaby |
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Term
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Definition
-new and old world monkeys, apes and humans
-larger body, larger brain, less reliance on smell, better vision, more socially complex, longer parent interaction (gestation, care) |
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Term
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Definition
| golden lion tamarins, spider monkey, capuchin monkey, |
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Term
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Definition
-mostly arboreal, some terrestrial
more
-diverse behavior and morphology
-wider range of habitat
-red colobus monkey, langurs, mandrill, proboscis monkey, baboons |
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Term
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Definition
-larger body
-no tail
-larger brain
-more complex behavior
-dentition- Y-5 molar cusp pattern
-apes and hominids |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 points of projection on molars in Y shape as opposed to only four in a square pattern |
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Definition
Gibbons and Siamangs
(lesser apes) |
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Term
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Definition
| long arms, long curved fingers, minimal thumb, great for climbing (monkey bars) |
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Definition
| difference in size between males and females of a species |
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Definition
orangutans, gorillas, and chimps
(great apes) |
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Term
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Definition
-Pongo pygmaeus
-fruit & leaves
-solitary |
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Definition
-Gorilla gorilla
-leaves, stalks, pith
-harems (one male, several females) |
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Term
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Definition
-Pan troglodytes (common)
-Pan paniscus (bonobo)
-fruit, leaves, small mammals
-polygynandrous mating (many males mate with many females)
-live in large groups |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
group of hominoids that includes humans and direct ancestors
-bipedal
-larger brains
-dentition (wider, etc) |
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Term
| African Origins of Hominids |
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Definition
Darwin thought humans evolved in Africa b/c closest living relatives (chimps/gorillas) were there
-Great Rift Valley
(he was wrong) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large geological fissure along eastern Africa, site of many fossil finds w/volcanic deposits for dating |
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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Definition
-dated earlier than other known hominid fossils
-found outside Great Rift
-many hominid features |
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Term
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Definition
-possibly bipedal
-woodland/savanna habitat
-ancestor of hominid? ape? third lineage? |
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Term
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Definition
-ancestral hominid
-bipedal |
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Definition
-bipedal
-relatively complete skeleton = ARDI |
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| Australopithecus anamensis |
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Definition
-found in Kenya
-small biped
-dry forest, savanna
-discovered by Meave Leakey |
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Term
| Australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
-bipedal
-high sexual dimorphism
-fruit, nuts, grains, meat
-was oldest known hominid
-40% complete skeleton = LUCY |
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Definition
-Australopithecus africanus discovered by Johanson in Ethiopia
-40% complete
-revealed species to be bipedal |
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Definition
-young Australopithecus afarensis skeleton found in Ethiopia
-bipedal |
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Definition
| Mary Leakey discovered fossilized footprints of two bipeds walking side by side |
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Term
| Australopithecus africanus |
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Definition
-southern and eastern Africa
-Taung child
-heavy chewing jaw and molar specialization
-once thought to be human ancestor, now side branch |
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Term
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Definition
| juvenile head of Australopithecus africanus biped that ____ thought was hominid |
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Term
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Definition
| Australopithecus africanus discovered in S. Africa by ____ |
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Term
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Definition
-large teeth
-sagittal crest (mohawk of bone on skull) |
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Term
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Definition
fin of bone on top of skull
eg Australopithecus garhi |
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Definition
-w/o DNA, people thought traits blended over time (tall father short mother produce medium child)
-not plausible, b/c blended traits would dilute and not spread through population |
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Term
| Early views of evolution/ species change |
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Definition
static-once created species did not change
-study of natural history was study of God
-extinction did not exist, implies imperfection in God
Time- thought God created earth on 10/22/4004 bc, but geology negated that |
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