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| Sleep protects, Sleep helps us recuperate, Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day’s experience, Sleep feeds creative thinking, Sleep supports growth |
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| The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition |
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| To satisfy our own wishes, key to understanding our inner conflicts, to file away memories, to preserve neural pathways, to make sense of neural static, to reflect cognitive development |
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| Discovery made by scientists that the mind works on two tracks: conscious and unconscious |
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| The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
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| Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
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| Failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness |
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| The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks (two-track mind) |
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| A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it |
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| Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; generally used to process well-learned information of to solve easy problems |
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| Processing one aspect of a problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems |
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| A periodic, natural loss of consciousness |
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| Rapid Eye Movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active |
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| Our biological clock that regulates our bodily rhythms over the course of 24 hours |
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Being aware, a person’s awareness of him/herself and the environment
o Can be used in a literal sense to mean being aware of what’s around you
o Can be used in a non-literal way such as being aware of social things or self awareness
o Thoughts and sensations are examples of awareness and consciousness |
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A parallel track of our mind that works 24/7 to process information and we are not aware of it
• Thousands of things can be processed at any given moment that we are not aware of |
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| Altered States of Consciousness |
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Definition
When you are in an altered state of consciousness you are not fully alert to what is happening in your environment and altered states of consciousness reflect the grey area between consciousness and unconsciousness
Examples include “zoning out”, relaxing, daydreaming, sleeping, orgasm, hypnosis, light to heavy drug use, and coma |
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| Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta |
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Awake and alert, or REM sleep
Can be both awake or REM because your brain is active in both of those states and beta waves can be measured at both states |
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| Awake but relaxed/sedated |
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Light stages of sleep (Stage 1 and 2)
Stage 1 sleep a person may not know they are sleeping if they have been woken up
Stage 2 theta waves are longer and slower than stage 1 theta waves |
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Deepest stage of sleep (Stage 3)
Long, slow delta waves |
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| Sleep Stages: A Typical Progression |
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Definition
o For most people, after you fall asleep, you climb downward in a step by step fashion from the lightest to the deepest stages of sleep
o We spend much more time in stage 3 of sleep earlier in the night, and as time goes on we spend less time in stage 3 and more time in REM
o During REM sleep portions of the night, the dreams later in the night are typically able to be remembered better than the dreams earlier in the night
o There is not always perfect progression such as 1-2-3-REM-1-2-3-REM
o A typical sleep cycle takes (on average) 90 minutes, and we complete 4-6 cycles per night assuming 6-8 hours of sleep
o Every person goes through all of the stages (to some degree) every night |
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You hallucinate when you sleep- during NREM-1 (sleep stage 1), especially the first NREM-1 (these are called hypnagogic images)
o The feeling of catching yourself falling is called a hypnic jerk, and we still have no solid evidence as to why this happens
o You are mostly paralyzed during REM sleep |
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| Why do Hypnic Jerks Happen? |
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Definition
There is no solid evidence why this happens
♣ Could be because of an evolutionary reason
♣ Could be neurons misfiring
♣ Could be a “glitch” in how the stages of sleep play out |
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| What you actually see/hear experience in a dream |
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| Hidden, what it all means on a deeper level; what it indicates about your unconscious mind |
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| Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis |
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Definition
Dreams are a product of random activity between the pons limbic system, and cortex
Your frontal lobe is asleep. You can’t make sense of it all but you see things familiar to you |
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| Alter thinking, behavior, emotion, sensation/perception, and other mental processes to varying degrees |
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| Depressants, Stimulants, Hallucinogens, Mixed Properties (drugs that have multiple kinds of effects) |
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| Drugs that slow you down; slow down Nervous System and produce disinhibition (reckless because your frontal lobe isn’t working so well), relaxation, drowsiness, sometimes euphoria |
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| Xanax, valium, highly addictive |
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Speed us up; the NS and produce sensations of energy, clarity/focus, and euphoria.
o Stimulants likely to produce intense euphoria as compared to depressants
o Amphetamines (meth, Adderall), cocaine, nicotine, caffeine |
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| Distort sensations and perceptions, usually have calming/euphoric effect. The way you see and perceive things are modified |
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| Example of Mixed Property Drug |
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| Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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| Feeling that a drug is needed for emotional or psychological well-being |
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