Term
structuralism
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 15. |
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Definition
Wundt’s approach, which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other types of mental states and activities
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 15. |
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Term
introspection
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 15. |
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Definition
This procedure to study the structure of the mind has subjects describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 15. |
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Term
functionalism
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 16. |
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Definition
An early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does—the functions of mental activity—and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 16. |
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Term
gestalt (geh SHTALLT) psychology
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 17. |
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Definition
An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a “whole” sense rather than on the individual elements of perception.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 17. |
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Term
neuroscience perspective
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 19. |
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Definition
The approach that studies behavior from the perspec-tive of the biological functions of the brain, the nervous system, and other body systems.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 19. |
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Term
psychodynamic perspective
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 19. |
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Definition
The approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 19. |
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Term
behavioral perspective
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 19. |
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Definition
The approach that suggests that observable, measur-able behavior should be the focus of study.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 19. |
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Term
cognitive perspective
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 20. |
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Definition
The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 20. |
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Term
humanistic perspective
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 20. |
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Definition
The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 20. |
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Term
free will
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 23. |
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Definition
The idea that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 23. |
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Term
determinism
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 23. |
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Definition
The idea that people’s behavior is produced primarily by factors outside their willful control
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 23. |
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Term
hypothesis
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 27. |
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Definition
A prediction stemming from a theory that’s stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 27. |
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Term
operational defnition
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 27. |
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Definition
The translation of a hypothesis into specif c, testable procedures that can be measured and observed.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 27. |
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Term
archival research
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 28. |
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Definition
Research in which existing data, such as census docu-ments, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 28. |
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Term
naturalistic observation
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 29. |
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Definition
Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 29. |
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Term
survey research
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 29. |
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Definition
Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 29. |
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Term
case study
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 30. |
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Definition
An in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 30. |
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Term
variables
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 30. |
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Definition
Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 30. |
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Term
correlational research
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 30. |
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Definition
Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to deter-mine whether they are associated or “correlated.”
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 30. |
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Term
experiment
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 32. |
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Definition
The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 32. |
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Term
experimental manipulation
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 32. |
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Definition
The change that an experimenter deliber-ately produces in a situation.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 32. |
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Term
treatment
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Definition
The manipulation imple-mented by the experimenter.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Term
experimental group
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Definition
Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment.
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Term
control group
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Definition
A group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Term
independent variable
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Definition
The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter
Feldman. (2011). Understanding Psychology, 33. |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of the changes caused by the manipulated variable |
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Term
| Random assignment to condition |
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Definition
| Procedure in which participants are placed in certain experimental groups based on chance alone |
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Term
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Definition
| meaningful results leading researchers to feel confident that the experiment has affirmed their hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| research that is repeated with different participants or settings to increase confidence in prior findings |
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Term
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Definition
| Document signed by participant stating that they have been told the basic outline fo the experiment and are aware of what their participation will involve. |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| : A false treatment, such as a pill, “drug,”, or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient. |
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Term
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Definition
Nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
A cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages from other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
Small bulges at the end of axons that send messages to other neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
A protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon. |
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Term
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Definition
The rule that neurons are either on or off. |
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Term
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Definition
The state in which there is a negative electrical charge of about -70 millivolts within a neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron’s axon when it is set off by a “trigger,” changing the neuron’s charge from negative to positive. |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior, but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
The space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron byusing chemical messages. |
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Term
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Definition
Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite (and sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
A chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon. |
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Term
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Definition
A chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire. |
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Term
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Definition
The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
A bundle of neurons that leaves the brain and runs down the length of the back and is the main means for transmitting messages between the brain and the body.
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Term
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Definition
An automatic, involuntary response to an incoming stimulus. |
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Term
| Sensory (afferent) neurons |
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Definition
Neurons that transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
Neurons that communicate information from the nervous system to muscles and glands. |
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Term
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Definition
Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two.
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Term
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
The part of the nervous system that includes the autonomic and somatic subdivision; made up of neurons with long axons and dendrites, it branches out from the spinal cord and brain and reaches the extremities of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
The part of the peripheral nervous system that specializes in the control of voluntary movements and the communication of information to and from the sense organ. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary movement of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations, engaging all the organism’s resources to respond to a threat. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the autonomic division of the nervous system that acts to calm the body after an emergency has ended. |
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Term
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Definition
The branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. |
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Term
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Definition
The study of the effects of heredity on behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
A chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
Chemicals that circulate through the blood and regulate the functioning or growth of the body. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The major component of the endocrine system, or “master gland,” which secretes hormones that control growth and other parts of the endocrine system. |
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Term
|
Definition
The “old brain,” which controls basic functions such as eating and sleeping and is common to all vertebrates. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the brain that controls bodily balance. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the brain extending from the medulla through the pons and made up of groups of nerve cells that can immediately activate other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the brain located in the middle of the central core that acts primarily to relay information about the senses. |
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Term
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Definition
A tiny part of the brain, located below the thalamus, that maintains homeostasis and produces and regulates vital behavior, such as eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. |
|
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Term
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Definition
The part of the brain that controls eating, aggression, and reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
The “new brain,” responsible for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain, contains four lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
The four major sections of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. |
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Term
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Definition
The part of the cortex that is largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
The site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the sense, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
One of the major regions of the cerebral cortex; the site of the higher mental processes, such as thought, language, memory, and speech. |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in the brain that occur throughout the life span relating to the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information-processing areas. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The creation of new neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
Symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location. |
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Term
|
Definition
The dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions, such as language. |
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Term
|
Definition
A procedure in which a person learns to control through conscious thought internal physiological processes such as blood pressure, heart and respiration rate, skin temperature, sweating, and the constriction of particular muscles. |
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Term
|
Definition
The activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy. |
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Term
|
Definition
The sorting out, interpretation analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
Energy that produces a response in a sense organ. |
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Term
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Definition
The study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them. |
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Term
|
Definition
The smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred. |
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Term
|
Definition
A basic law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion to the intensity of an initial stimulus (rather than a constant amount). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The part of the eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Thin, cylindrical receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Cone-shaped, light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual information to the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of specific shapes or patterns. |
|
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Term
| Trichromatic theory of color vision |
|
Definition
The theory that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths. |
|
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Term
| Opponent-process theory of color vision |
|
Definition
The theory that receptor cells for color are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The part of the ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A coiled tube in the ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A vibrating structure that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber and a lower chamber and containing sense receptors for sound. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Tiny cells covering the basilar membrane that, when bent by vibrations entering the cochlea, transmit neural messages to the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies. |
|
|
Term
| Frequency theory of hearing |
|
Definition
The theory that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Three tubelike structures of the inner ear containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The sense of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. |
|
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Term
| Game-control theory of pain |
|
Definition
The theory that particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain. |
|
|
Term
| Gestalt laws of organization |
|
Definition
A series of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Perception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Perception that consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Physical stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of “sleep spindles.” |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A sleep characterized by slow brain waves with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than in stage 2 sleep. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation. |
|
|
Term
| Rapid eye movement (REM sleep) |
|
Definition
Sleep occupying 20% of an adult’s sleeping time, characterized by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; erections; eye movements; and the experience of dreaming. |
|
|
Term
| Unconscious wish fulfillment theory |
|
Definition
Sigmund’s Freud theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
According to Freud, the “disguised” meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects. |
|
|
Term
| Manifest content of dreams |
|
Definition
According to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams. |
|
|
Term
| Dreams-for-survival theory |
|
Definition
The theory suggesting that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed. |
|
|
Term
| Activation-synthesis theory |
|
Definition
Hobson’s theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep that stimulates memories stored in the brain. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Fantasies that people construct while awake. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Drugs that influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user so that withdrawal from them leads to craving for the drug that, in some cases, may be nearly irresistible. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Drugs that slow down the nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
Drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety. |
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Term
|
Definition
A drug that is capable of producing hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process. |
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Term
|
Definition
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. |
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Term
|
Definition
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. |
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Term
|
Definition
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. |
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Term
|
Definition
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. |
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Term
|
Definition
A response that is natural and needs no training. (e.g., salivation at the smell of food.) |
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Term
|
Definition
A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salivation at the ringing of a bell.) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning. |
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Term
|
Definition
A process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response. |
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Term
|
Definition
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli. |
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Term
|
Definition
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakend, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. |
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Term
|
Definition
The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated. |
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Term
|
Definition
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. |
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Term
|
Definition
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. |
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Term
|
Definition
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again. |
|
|
Term
| schedules of reinforcement |
|
Definition
Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior. |
|
|
Term
| continuous reinforcement schedule |
|
Definition
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs. |
|
|
Term
| partial reinforcement schedule |
|
Definition
Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. |
|
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Term
| cognitive learning theory |
|
Definition
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. |
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Term
|
Definition
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it. |
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Term
|
Definition
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model. |
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Term
|
Definition
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model. |
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Term
|
Definition
The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant. |
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Term
|
Definition
Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds. |
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Term
|
Definition
Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Memory for factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball; sometimes referred to as non-declarative memory. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information. |
|
|
Term
| tip of the tongue phenomenon |
|
Definition
The inability to recall information that one realizes one knows – a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether that have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives. |
|
|
Term
| levels of processing theory |
|
Definition
The theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Intentional or conscious recollection of information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memories of which people are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept (called a prime) later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled. |
|
|
Term
| autobiographical memories |
|
Definition
Our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The loss of information in memory through its nonuse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An illness characterized in part by severe memory problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury. |
|
|
Term
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Definition
A disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story. |
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The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, judging, and decision making. |
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The manipulation of mental representations of information. |
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Representations in the mind of an object or event. |
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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people. |
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Typical, highly representative examples of a concept. |
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Formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from a set of assumptions. |
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A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem. |
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A thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or decision, but – unlike algorithms – may sometimes lead to errors. |
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Involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists. |
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A sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another. |
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The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use. |
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The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist. |
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The tendency to seek ot and weight more heavily information that supports one’s initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypothesis or solution. |
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The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways. |
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The ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions. |
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The ability to produce responses that are based primarily knowledge and logic. |
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The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules. |
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The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed. |
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The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes. |
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The smallest units of speech. |
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Ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences. |
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The rues governing the meaning of words and sentences. |
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Meaningless speechlike sounds made by children from around the age of 3 months through 1 year. |
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Sentences in which words not critical to the message are left out. |
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The phenomenon by which children apply language rules even when the application results in an error. |
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| learning theory approach to language development |
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The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning. |
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| nativist approach to language development |
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The theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development. |
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Noam Chomsky’s theory that all the world’s languages share a common underlying structure. |
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| language acquisition device |
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A neural system of the brain hypothesized by Noam Chomsky to permit understanding of language. |
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| interactionist approach to language development |
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The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language. |
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| linguistic-relativity hypothesis |
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The notion that language shapes and may determine the way people in particular culture perceive and understand the world. |
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