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Process of forming impressions of others. Judgements of personality often formed by appearance/physical attractiveness
*Good looking people expected to be more successful |
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Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people
*People routinely place one another in categories which influences the process of person perception |
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| Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group |
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When people estimate that they have encountered more confirmations of an association between social traits than they have actually seen
*Takes only one instance; "I've never met an honest lawyer" |
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| Group that one belongs to and identifies with |
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| Group that one does not belong to or identify with |
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| Inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others' behaviour and their own behaviour |
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| Ascribe the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities and feelings |
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| Ascribe causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental constraints |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Observers bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others behaviour
*Explaining behaviour in situational factors takes more effort |
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Tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way
*Blaming homeless people for being homeless |
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| Tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and ones failures to situational factors |
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Putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the group one belongs to
*Emphasize obedience, cooperation |
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Putting Personal Goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships
*Emphasize independence, self-reliance |
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Positive feelings toward another
*Physical attractiveness, similarity, reciprocity, romantic ideals |
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| Males and females of approx. equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners |
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| Liking those that show they like you |
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| Warn, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one's own |
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| Complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feelings, and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotion |
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| Divisions of Companionate Love |
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Intimacy - warmth, closeness and sharing in a relationship
Commitment - intent to maintain a relationship in spite of difficulties and costs that may arise |
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Positive or negative evaluations of objects of thought
*Includes 3 components
- Cognitive (beliefs)
- Affective (emotions)
- Behavioural (predisposition to act) |
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Affective component can be created through classical condition conditioning
- Operant conditioning and observational learning |
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When related cognitions are inconsistent (contradict each other)
*People sometimes believe their own lies |
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People often infer attitudes from their own behaviour because they want to reduce tension caused by inconsistency in cognition
*"If it is said, it must be true" |
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| Elaboration Likelihood Model |
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2 basic routes to persuasion
- Central route (content and logic of message) and peripheral route (non-message factors, attractiveness) |
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| When people yield to real or imagine social pressure |
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| Form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority |
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| People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone |
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| A reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves |
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| Occurs when discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction |
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| When members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision |
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| Strengths of the liking relationships linking group members to each other and the group itself |
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