Term
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Definition
| a set of symbols used to communicate via production and comprehension of vocalizations and gestures. |
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Term
| phonemes (building block of language) |
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Definition
a single sound.
thought of as the element or simplest form of speech. |
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Term
| morphemes (building block of language) |
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Definition
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Term
| semantics (building block of language) |
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Definition
| meanings from particular words |
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Term
| syntax (building block of language) |
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Definition
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Term
| biological based theory about language development |
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Definition
kicks in at about 2 months old.
we have a based acquisition device that can't be found in a person, but it is there to make you start talking. |
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Term
| interactive based theory for language development |
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Definition
where biological and experience work in concert to enhance and guide language development.
environment aids in learning a language. |
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Term
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Definition
environments and individual skills lead to language differences.
girls talk earlier and have more language skills than boys.
language acquisition is easier for children than adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing something and putting a word to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| know area around you without thinking about it |
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Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
learning some words of a language and the basic mechanics of it can tell you a lot about the culture.
ex - Nords and 300 words for snow |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes that involve the act of thinking, how we solve problems, make decisions, and think about our own thoughts. |
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Term
| cognitive control of thoughts |
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Definition
the ability to direct thought and action in accordance with one's intention.
develops in childhood with impulse driven decision making, and then becomes more sophisticated. |
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Term
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Definition
1.define the problem - current state of affairs (CSA) and desired state of affairs (DSA)
2.identify the strategy(ies) for finding the solution - heuristics, algorithm, or insight. |
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Term
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Definition
| a rule of thumb that may provide a shortcut to solving a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| step by step problem solving strat. |
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Term
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Definition
| effortless problem solving. |
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Term
| limited strat. exploration |
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Definition
| applying past problem solving strats to new problems b/c they worked in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| viewing objects as only serving their main function and none other. |
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Term
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Definition
| going with first solution that fits instead of the best-fitting solution. |
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Term
| representative heuristics for decision making |
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Definition
| ex-thinking of a librarian as always being quiet and needing structure. |
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Term
| availability heuristics for decision making |
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Definition
| think of first few things that makes you think you have the answer. |
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Term
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Definition
settling in 1 spot.
ex-don't know how much a field pays, but u ask low b/c u don't know the real amount. |
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Term
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Definition
putting a positive or negative spin on something.
humans like positive things and dislike negative things by default. |
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Term
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Definition
| things that have a high probability you think will happen, and things with low prob. you think won't happen, despite there still being equal chances for either. |
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Term
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Definition
| making a decision with limited info. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves thinking about the source of our info. |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety makes someone do things or else it will bother them. if person doesn't do their thing then they may get agitated or anxious |
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Term
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Definition
thinking process is interrupted b/c having many thought at once.
also has auditory or visual hallucinations.
other senses can be impacted as well. |
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Term
| instinct motivation theory |
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Definition
drives that you have biologically.
ex-being hungry drives you to eat food. |
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Term
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Definition
we try to maintain a balance with everything
ex-being hot makes us sweat so that we cool down. |
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Term
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Definition
| we are motivated to a goal if there is a challenge involved. |
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Term
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Definition
incentives are external motivators.
ex-mowing lawn for $5 |
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Term
| abraham maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
5 lvls- top is self-actualization
can't move up in pyramid until all parts of the current lvl are satisfied and maintained. |
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Term
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Definition
| existence related growth - more flexible than Maslow's hierarchy. |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from feelings of how full our stomachs are, and the lvls of food chemicals circulating in the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
not eating.
1 in 50 young women in USA DON'T show signs of anorexia. |
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Term
| biological motivations in women for sex |
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Definition
| respond more to tactile and verbal stimuli (physical contact and verbal communication) |
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Term
| biological motivations in men for sex |
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Definition
| respond more to visual stimuli |
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Term
| kinsey on sexual orientation |
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Definition
viewed on a continuum where it is influenced by genes, hormones, and brain structure.
nobody is strictly homo or heterosexual. |
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Term
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Definition
belongingness. member of a grp of others like ourselves. an essential psychological need.
those who don't belong show signs of depression. |
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Term
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Definition
desire to succeed, working towards goal achievement.
not just about drive, but also about success. |
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Term
| self-determination theory |
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Definition
| push yourself to achieve goals. |
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Term
| over-achievement problems |
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Definition
if you don't succeed, you feel depressed, anxious, and self-critical.
might resort to unethical tactics to succeed.
believe that if you work harder, then you don't have to deal with the bad side to things.
can also be hyper-critical of others.
will make unattainable goals, and will become tempered when not met. |
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Term
| "helicopter" or "hover" parent |
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Definition
| parents that are overprotective and way too involved in their child's life |
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Term
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Definition
| ex-marshmallow test in which the child was rewarded with another marshmallow for waiting and not eating the initial one. |
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Term
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Definition
| achievement for one is an achievement for the grp |
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Term
| individualistic achievement |
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Definition
"i did it"
don't take others that helped into account. |
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Term
| physiological component of emotions |
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Definition
not controlled
heart racing, blood pumping, etc. |
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Term
| behavioral component of emotions |
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Definition
| laugh, shake, etc. - top-down processing |
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Term
| cognitive component of emotions |
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Definition
| The aspects which require you to use thought skills and process an introspective view on the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
have to think about something.
motor control and directed attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| done quickly. relies on sensory info. |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual state that occurs in response to external or internal events. |
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Term
| james-lange theory of emotions |
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Definition
1. you have a sensation of something in the environment (bottom-up)
2.physiological behavior
3.cognitive understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| an event happens, and thalamus and brain activity work simultaneously - thalamus is sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
| schachter and singer's 2 factor theory |
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Definition
physiological response that evokes emotions, and then you have a cognitive understanding of it, and then you know what emotion is being applied.
ex-why is my heart beating fast? Oh, I'm anxious.) |
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Term
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Definition
| basic human emotions are shown by muscle movement in face to show happiness, sadness, etc. |
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Term
| evolutionary theory (darwin) |
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Definition
| emotions are a part of the evolution of human beings - they are universal b/c they needed them for survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| anger, disgust, fear, sadness, happiness, and surprise |
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Term
| lewis' cognitive theory of emotional development |
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Definition
2-3 months - show anger and disgust
7-8 months - fear is shown
8-9 months - able to understand your own voice and exhibit anger.
18-24 months - self-awareness, can show empathy, embarrassment, and jealousy.
2-3 years - pride, shame, and guilt. |
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Term
| izard's differential emotions theory |
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Definition
emotions stem from attachment to primary caregiver, and there is a "spark" of emotions and exploratory behavior.
an array of emotions are learned at once, and there are no milestones |
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Term
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Definition
| the clarity, attention paid to emotions, and intensity of the emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| high intensity, clarity, and attention |
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Term
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Definition
| low intensity, clarity, and attention |
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Term
| overwhelmed emotional style |
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Definition
| high intensity, low clarity and attention |
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Term
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Definition
| high clarity, low intensity and attention |
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Term
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Definition
| temperament (how you handle things), stressors, family, and social models influence emotional perceptions and experiences. |
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Term
| gender differences in emotion |
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Definition
women experience and express emotion with more intensity.
men look "weird" if showing too much emotion. |
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Term
| cultures differences in emotions |
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Definition
| there are none b/c every person is different by themselves. |
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Term
| hyper-vigilant emotional disorder |
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Definition
| over attention and constant monitoring of emotions. |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| inability to care for others or too little emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| usually go to normal levels of happy, but will stay in depression for long periods of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the unique characteristics that account for our enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behavior |
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Term
| psychoanalytic approach to personality |
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Definition
freud.
viewed unconscious motivations and sexual needs as primary determinants of personality development. |
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Term
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Definition
| all about pleasure and basic wants. |
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Term
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Definition
| gives us a reality complex and a way to navigate between the id and superego. |
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Term
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Definition
reflects family and community beliefs.
Where your conscious and morals are. |
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Term
| 5 psychosexual stages (only know first 3) |
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Definition
1. oral - putting everything in your mouth
2. anal - learning to control bowels
3. phallic - all about Oedipus complex |
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Term
| adler's view on personality |
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Definition
viewed social needs and conscious thoughts as determinants for personality development.
examined how feelings of inferiority motivated behaviors, and how one can work to better themselves. |
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Term
| jung's view on personality |
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Definition
viewed the unconscious as a key factor in personality development.
archetypes are symbols that appear throughout the stories of a culture. |
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Term
| horney's view on personality |
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Definition
believed that issues encountered in childhood shape adult personality, particularly childhood anxiety left unresolved can lead to adult neurosis.
believed that culture influenced personality development. |
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Term
| rogers' view on personality |
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Definition
believed that human nature is fundamentally positive.
self-concept remains constant.
unconditional positive regard. |
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Term
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Definition
our tendencies to behave in and act certain ways that are consistent across situations.
traits describe our general dispositions that lead to behaviors. |
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Term
| gender differences in personality |
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Definition
women can assess emotions in others better than men, but men are better at individuality traits.
aggression is higher in men, and both genders have attitude differences towards sex. |
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Term
| cultural differences in personality |
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Definition
collectivist cultures score higher on measures of agreeableness.
individualist cultures score higher on extraversion and openness dimensions.
collectivists value interpersonal harmony, and individualists focus on personal freedom and privacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| non-normative behaviors that interfere with functioning, causes distress, and causes danger to self, others, or property. |
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Term
| diagnostic for personality disorders |
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Definition
| axis 1-5 goes from primary issues at one to how well a person functions at 5. |
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Term
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Definition
| the client, the therapist, and the series of contacts between the two people (frequency of meetings, etc.) |
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Term
| neuroscience abnormality model |
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Definition
| abnormalities result from malfunctioning brain that is treated with medicine, electrotherapy, surgery (lobotomy), and used for long-term. |
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Term
| electric convulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| electricity is localized, and it aids in helping people not go as "low" as before when depression hits. |
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Term
| psychodynamic (non-medical) abnormality model |
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Definition
behavior comes from unconscious internal processes and conflicts.
provides insight into how conflicts give rise to abnormal behavior, but hasn't been proven to be effective in long-term. |
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Term
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Definition
used in psychodynamic abnormality model.
helps someone get past their emotional wall. |
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Term
| behavior for abnormality model |
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Definition
| abnormal behavior is learned from either classical learning or operant conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| associate a behavior with something you don't like so that you stop it. |
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Term
| modeling therapy for behavior |
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Definition
| a person sees someone successful who was in their position, so they might follow in the successful person's path. |
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Term
| cognitive model for behavior |
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Definition
pavlov, and watson and skinner.
abnormal behavior results from maladaptive attitudes, upsetting thought, and illogical thought processes.
goal is to change faulty thought processes. |
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Term
| humanistic existential model |
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Definition
maslow and rogers.
focus is on the broader dimensions of human existence - unconditional positive regard is key.
use client-centered therapy to create a positive environment for clients to look at themselves honestly. |
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Term
| different types of therapy |
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Definition
| individual, group, family, couple/marital, and community (living in a structured environment) |
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Term
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Definition
relatively stable and enduring.
consist of ABC's.
used to predict behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
affective
behavioral - how to act
cognitive - how to think |
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Term
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Definition
the act of persuading or a state of being persuaded.
shifting someone's ABC's. |
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Term
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Definition
| the content of a message, using facts and logical arguments |
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Term
| peripheral route persuasion |
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Definition
the use of more subtle, less specific/more superficial info.
ex - marketing |
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Term
| foot in the door persuasion |
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Definition
| someone gives in to a small request, and then they ask for more and more afterwards. |
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Term
| door in the face persuasion |
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Definition
| ask for something outrageous that you won't get, then you ask for what you really want and it is easier to get. |
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Term
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Definition
if you don't get something, then bad things will happen.
how ADT sells security systems. |
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Term
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Definition
do it when behavior or actions isn't feeling right.
think about the options. |
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Term
| self-perception theory of social psych. |
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Definition
| not sure what you think, but an action you do helps you pick a side. |
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Term
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Definition
generalized impressions about people or grps of people based on the social category they occupy.
Do this b/c we can't analyze everyone. |
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Term
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Definition
| negative attitudes towards individuals from another grp, either overt or subtle negatives. |
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Term
| realistic conflict theory for prejudice |
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Definition
| hatred based on historical conflicts |
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Term
| social identity theory for prejudice |
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Definition
| one grp will look down on another grp as inferior |
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Term
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Definition
| our causal explanations of what happens in the world. |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| people's actions are who they are, but you have a reason for yourself. |
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Term
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Definition
| other ppl are described in 1-2 sentences, but when describing yourself it is a lot more complex. |
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Term
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Definition
we don't give ppl a lot of background when we do think about them.
ex-person is driving fast b/c they must be late, but they wouldn't be late if they weren't so stupid. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rules and conventions of a society that dictate how we're supposed to act |
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Term
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Definition
golden rule, respect elders, etc.
things you are supposed to do. |
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Term
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Definition
things you ought to do.
up a notch from descriptive norms; be all you can be. |
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Term
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Definition
that set of norms ascribed to a person's social position.
may be based on how we think we are supposed to act in certain roles, not just what others think about the role. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to yield to real or imagined group pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
when individuals follow the direct commands of a perceived authority figure.
ex - milgram experiment with fake shock |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl are inclined to obey authority, but several factors mitigate this obedience |
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Term
| factors that mitigate obedience |
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Definition
presence of one other person who refuses to comply.
obviousness/salience of the victim's suffering/discomfort.
proximity (distance) to the victim. |
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Term
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Definition
| the grp can only go as fast as the weakest link. |
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Term
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Definition
uneven distribution of work.
a specialist will get more work b/c they are better at a certain part. |
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Term
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Definition
| each task is necessary to the overall goal, but they all don't fit or play together. |
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Term
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Definition
| when there is a grp project and 1 person doesn't want to do work, the other will pick up the slack to avoid conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| when boundaries of grp is inflexible, and a goal has to be met, different ideas aren't measures and challenged. |
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Term
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Definition
1.notice event
2.correctly interpret event as an emergency.
3.decide that you have to help.
4.determine what type of help is needed.
5.act to help |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being. |
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Term
| drive theory of aggression |
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Definition
act out b/c of 1 thing.
ex - child is annoying so you hit it |
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Term
| general aggression theory |
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Definition
| aggression builds up from multiple events, and then an outlet occurs on someone/something else |
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Term
| temperature effect on aggression |
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Definition
| temp shows no signs of increased aggression (heat). |
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Term
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Definition
| can't get enough of a person, very intense, but not long-lasting. |
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Term
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Definition
love based on mutual interests, attractions, etc.
sign of a long-term relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| one person loves another, but the feeling isn't mutual. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, or stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. |
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Term
| lazerous model for stress |
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Definition
event--->threat---->stressed behaviors, distraction
event--->challenge-->aroused and focused. |
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Term
| personality types for handling stress |
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Definition
A-difficult to manage stress
B-manages stress easier than A
C-unable to tell if they are stressed (problematic) |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome to stress |
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Definition
| at first stress is detected, and then high resistance for a long time, and then crash after a while where a breakdown occurs. |
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