Term
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Definition
| ~Input is the raw material that enters a system and is transformed by it. It is the first part of the system. |
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Term
| Components of a System (cont) |
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Definition
| ~Throughput consists of the processes a system uses to convert raw materials (input) into a form that can be used. Second part of a system. |
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Term
| Components of a System (cont) |
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Definition
| ~Output is the end result or product of the system. |
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Term
| Components of a System (cont) |
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Definition
| ~Evaluation is measuring the success or failure of the output and, consequently, the system's effectiveness. Fourth part of a system. |
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Term
| Components of a System (cont) |
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Definition
| ~Feedback is the process of communicating what is found in evaluation of the system to determine whether or not the end result of the system has been achieved. Fifth part of a system. |
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Term
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Definition
~Input are nursing students and faculty members.
~Throughput are where ideas are being generated. Learning occurs.
~Output is graduate nurses
~Evaluation of the output is the NCLEX (National Council of Licensure Examination.
~Feedback how well the students score on their first time testing for NCLEX. If a high number of students pass the NCLEX the first time the system has achieved its purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
~An open system promotes exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the environment. Example a hospital.
~A larger environment (such as outside the hospital) is called the "suprasystem."
~A closed system does not interact with other systems or the environment. ~A buried time capsule.
~Homeostasis is dynamic balance within and between systems. Internal stability.
~Synergy occurs when all subsystems work together to create a result that is not achievable independently. |
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Term
| Dynamic Nature of Systems |
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Definition
~Change in one part of the system creates change in other parts.
~The exchange of energy and information within open systems and between open systems and their suprasystems is continuous.
~The dynamic balance within and between the subsystems, the system, and the suprasystem helps create and maintain homeostasis, or internal stability.
~All living systems are open systems. |
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Term
| Application of Systems Model to Nursing |
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Definition
~Nurses work within systems every day.
-Hospital
-Department of nursing
-A particular unit
-With a colleague group
~All these are open systems interacting with one another and the environment.
~If nurses are to work effectively in such complex systems, they need to have an understanding of how systems operate. |
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Term
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Definition
~Each person is an open system with numerous subsystems that make up the whole person.
~Circulatory, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and neurologic subsystems
Also, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual subsystems which combine with the physiologic subsystem
~Each person has individual needs based on his/her individual system's characteristics.
~Abraham Maslow developed an important human needs theory and organized needs in a hierarchical order. |
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Term
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Definition
~Level 1: those needs that ensure physiologic survival
Oxygen, rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression
~Level 2: safety and security needs
Include physical and psychological needs
~Level 3: needs for love and belonging
Social and intimate relationships
~Level 4: self-esteem needs
Need for self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance
~Level 5: self-actualization
Realization of one's maximum or optimal potential |
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Term
| Adaptation and Homeostasis |
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Definition
~It is the nature of people to change, grow, and develop. Adaptation based on a person's changing needs is important for nurses to remember.
~When a person's needs are not met, homeostasis is threatened. Adaptation may or may not be successful. |
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Term
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Definition
| ~The larger environment outside of a system |
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Term
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Definition
~Health is a continuum as opposed to an absolute state.
~Health varies from day to day.
~Illness is not an absolute state; it also can vary from day to day. |
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Term
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Definition
~Illustrates the relationship of the treatment paradigm to the wellness paradigm.
~An individual can move beyond the “neutral” point to increasingly higher levels of wellness.
~Moving from the center to the left shows a progressively worsening state of health. |
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Term
| What Nurses Should Recognize About Health Belief Models |
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Definition
~Health affects the entire person.
Individuals' health beliefs are powerful and influence how they respond to efforts to change.
~Individuals may lack knowledge or motivation to change.
~Increased knowledge does not always change behavior.
~Various models can be used to assess readiness to change.
~Change is often incremental and very slow.
~The burden of action is mutually shared by patient, health care providers, and public health programs. |
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Term
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Definition
~Holistic nursing care nourishes the whole person: body, mind, and spirit.
~Eight factors contribute to a holistic approach to nursing. |
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Term
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Definition
~Nursing is an open system that freely interacts with external and internal forces.
~Nursing is the provision of health care services to assist people in maintaining health, avoiding disease, and restoring wellness or achieving a peaceful death.
~Nursing involves collaborating with patients and families.
~Nursing is integrally involved at points along the health-illness continuum.
~Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, differences, or other factors.
~Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills.
~Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth.
~Nursing links theory and research to answer difficult questions. |
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Term
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Definition
~Belief represents the intellectual acceptance of something as true or correct. Also it can be described as a conviction.
~Belief system: organized beliefs that serve as a guide for thinking and decision making
~Three categories of beliefs
~Descriptive or existential beliefs: those which can be shown to be true or false. The moon will rise every evening.
~Evaluative beliefs: There is a judgment about good or bad. Stealing is considered bad. Lying is considered bad.
~Prescriptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs: Certain actions are judged to be desirable or undesirable. Prescriptive: Nurses are encouraged to be ethical in their profession. Proscriptive: Cheating in nursing school is prohibited because it is wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
~Values are freely chosen principles, ideals, or standards held by an individual or group that give meaning and direction to life.
~A representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable
~Most observable human behaviors are manifestations or consequences of human values.
~Rokeach (1973) made several assertions about the nature of human values.
~Each person has a relatively small number of values.
~All human beings possess basically the same values to differing degrees.
~People organize their values into systems.
~People develop values in response to culture, society, and individual personality traits.
~Most behaviors are consequences of human values. |
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Term
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Definition
~Valuing is the process by which values are determined, involving choosing, prizing, and acting.
~Values clarification
~Understanding your values is an important step in self-awareness for nurses.
~It is critical for maintaining a nonjudgmental approach to patients.
~Values clarification exercises can stimulate self-reflection to help you, as a nurse, understand the values you bring to patient care.
~Organized nursing, through the American Nurses Association (ANA), sets forth value statements that undergird the profession.
~Published to serve as a resource for nurses about nursing's social responsibility
~The most recent version is titled "Nursing's Social Policy Statement." (ANA, 2008) |
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Term
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Definition
~Epistemology: study of the theory of knowledge itself
~Logic: study of proper and improper methods of reasoning
~Aesthetics: study of beauty and the reasoning behind judgments about beauty
~Ethics: study of standards of conduct
~Politics: study of the regulation and control of people as they live in society
~Metaphysics: study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality, human experience, and the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| ~Assist patients in reducing the impact of risk factors identified through family history and genetic predispositions |
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Term
| Health Promotion and Maintenance |
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Definition
| ~Services that assist patients to remain healthy, prevent disease and injuries, detect diseases early, and promote healthier lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
~Federal agencies focus on the health of all U.S. citizens; promote and conduct health and illness research; provide funding to train health care workers; assist communities in planning health care services; develop, staff, and help fund health programs
~Establish standards of practice and safety for health care workers |
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Term
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Definition
~Oversee programs that affect the health of citizens within an individual state
~Usually do not provide direct patient care but support agencies that do |
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Term
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Definition
~Serve one community, one county, or a few adjacent counties
~Provide immunizations, prenatal care, well-baby care, infectious disease clinics, tuberculosis clinics, sexually transmitted disease clinics, and others
~Provide services to both paying and nonpaying citizens |
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Term
| Private and Nongovernmental Agencies |
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Definition
~Example: American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, American Red Cross, March of Dimes
~An NGO is an association of citizens, independent of government, with goal of delivering resources. |
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Term
| Purpose of Not for Profit Agencies |
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Definition
| ~Use profits to pay personnel, improve services, advertise services, provide educational programs, or otherwise contribute to the mission of the agency |
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Term
| Purpose of For Profit Agencies |
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Definition
~Include numerous home health care companies, hospital systems, specialty outpatient centers, heart hospitals, and rehabilitation centers
~These agencies distribute profits earned to partners or shareholders. |
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Term
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Definition
~Care rendered at the point at which a patient first enters the health care system
~Care provided in physician's office or various clinic settings |
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Term
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Definition
~Involve the prevention of complications from disease
~Include treatment of temporary dysfunctions requiring medical intervention or hospitalization not available in primary care settings
~Can be provided by home health agencies, ambulatory care agencies, skilled nursing agencies, and surgical centers
~Recent addition is disease management programs. |
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Term
| Disease Management Services |
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Definition
~Services are provided to patients with chronic diseases through calls with nurses and other health professionals, with interactive voice responses, educational videos/books, and Internet-based tools such as e-mail and video conferencing.
~Patients do not have to leave their homes to receive services.
~Services are provided to acutely ill or injured patients and those requiring long-term care or rehabilitation services |
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Term
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Definition
~Provided to acutely ill or injured patients, those requiring long-term care or rehabilitation services, and for the terminally ill
~Can be a hospital trauma center, burn center, or pediatric hospital, long term-care facilities, rehabilitation centers, or through hospice services |
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Term
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Definition
~Inpatient care that lies between hospital care and long-term care
~Goal-oriented, comprehensive inpatient care for patients who have acute illnesses, injuries, or exacerbations of a disease process
~Provides lower-cost health care than alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| ~Is a nonprofit serving as the nation's predominant standard-setting and accrediting body in health care. |
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Term
| Frequent Health Disparities |
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Definition
~Defined as differences in the quality of health care provided to different populations
~Frequent disparities include:
~Ethnic or racial disparities ~Education level
~Gender
~Disability
~Age ~Sexual orientation
~Income
~Place of residence
~Much progress is needed to reduce these disparities.
~Provider bias is a possible contributing factor. |
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Term
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Definition
~Physicians are responsible for medical diagnosis and interventions to restore health.
~Physician assistants perform many functions of a physician under the direction of a physician.
~UAP are unlicensed workers who are key members of the nursing staff and assist with basic patient care.
~LPN/LVNs care for patients under the direction of RNs and physicians, providing basic bedside care.
~Registered dietitians manage patients' nutritional intake using knowledge of the therapeutic value of foods and provide dietary education for patients. |
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Term
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Definition
~Pharmacists prepare and dispense medications, instruct patients and health workers about medications, monitor use of controlled substances, and work to reduce medication errors.
~Technologists assist in the diagnosis of patient problems and obtain and handle patient specimens to be examined for abnormalities.
~Radiology technicians perform x-ray procedures.
~Respiratory therapists evaluate patients' respiratory status and assist patients in breathing through use of equipment such as ventilators, oxygen therapy devices, and IPPB machines. They also perform some diagnostic procedures. |
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Term
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Definition
~Social workers assist patients and their families to cope with the impact of illness or injury and serve as liaisons between patients and community resources and services.
~Physical therapists assist patients to regain maximum possible physical activity and strength by assessing preillness/injury function, current damage, and potential for recovery. |
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Term
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Definition
~Occupational therapists develop plans to assist patients in resuming the activities of daily living after illness or injury, such as cooking, dressing, and driving.
~Administrative support personnel ensure operations of the facility run smoothly. They are needed for clerical jobs such as admitting patients, answering phones, directing visitors, scheduling patient tests, filing insurance claims, and more. |
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Term
| Nurse's Role as Health Care Provider |
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Definition
~Provide direct, hands-on care in all health care agencies and settings.
Have an active role in:
~Illness prevention
~Health promotion
~Health maintenance |
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Term
| Nurse's Role as an Educator |
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Definition
~Provide information about illnesses and teach about medications, treatments, and rehabilitation needs
~Work in community settings to teach health promotion and illness/injury prevention
~Help patients understand:
~How to deal with life changes resulting from chronic illness
~How to adapt care to the home or community setting
~Serve as patient educators in disease management companies
~Educate through online programs |
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Term
| Nurse's Role as a Manager |
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Definition
~All nurses are managers. They are responsible for managing the care of patients at the bedside, individually, and in groups; determine staff and patient assignments; review cases; and coordinate services.
~Nurses serve as managers for patient units, outpatient clinics, or home health agencies.
~Nurse managers have clinical and administrative expertise. |
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Term
| Nurse's Role as a Patient Advocate |
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Definition
~The nurse as patient advocate supports and tends to patients' needs through advocacy, protecting patients' rights, and ensuring high-quality treatment.
~Advocacy ensures that patients' best interests are met. |
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Term
| Nurse's Role in Managing Health Care Costs |
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Definition
~The first step is to become cost conscious.
~Nurses tend to have poor cost awareness.
~Nurses can promote cost savings by:
~Using less-expensive alternatives
~Reducing waste by transferring equipment, medications, supplies
~Posting costs on shelves
~Recycling
~Providing excellent patient care
~Being advocates for their patients' financial needs regarding health care services |
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Term
| Nurse's Role in Managing Health Care Costs (cont) |
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Definition
~Question unnecessary or repetitive laboratory studies and tests
~Suggest generic drugs over name brands
~Teach patients and families to monitor health conditions and detect problems early to avoid repeat hospitalizations
~Prevent infections with basic handwashing and avoidance of bed sores for patients
~Prevent patient falls
~Organize and streamline flow of patients for maximum efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
~A plan or course of action by a government, political party, or business intended to affect and determine decisions, actions, and other matters
~Policy frequently is shaped by those who are successful in politics, such as elected officials. |
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Term
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Definition
~The science of government; regulation and governing of a nation or state
~The management of a political party; the conduct and contest of parties with reference to political measures or administration of public affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| ~The strength or force that is exerted or capable of being exerted |
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Term
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Definition
| ~Legitimacy to exert power, or to enforce laws, demand obedience, make commands or determinations, or to judge the acts of others. |
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Term
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Definition
~An action or process of producing effects on the actions, behavior, and opinions of others.
~Influence is a form of power that is not legitimated through official channels.
~Example of influence: role of lobbyists |
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Term
| Benefit of Joining Professional Organizations |
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Definition
~Network with colleagues
~Pursue continuing education
~Stay informed of professional issues
~Develop leadership skills
~Influence health policy
~Work collectively for job security |
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Term
| Reasons that Nurses Do Not Join Professional Organizations |
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Definition
~High cost
~Lack of interest
~Lack of time |
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Term
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Definition
| ~May care for their own children, their elderly parents, and patients at work. |
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Term
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Definition
| ~To become as educated as possible and work at the limits of your education. |
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Term
| When Does Inclivity Occur? |
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Definition
| ~When people are stressed or feel powerless or out of control. |
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Term
| Evidence of the Environment Changing |
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Definition
~Climate change
~High carbon dioxide levels
~Lead and mercury poisonings
~Toxic shellfish and accidental release of radioactive steam form nuclear power plants
~Clear cutting of forests
~Destruction of wetlands
~Waste emissions |
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Term
| Occupational Hazards of Nursing |
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Definition
~Needlestick injuries and possible infection
~Exposure to chemicals such as disinfectants and chemotherapeutic agents
~Violence in the workplace
~Latex allergy
~Injuries from back strain and accidents
~Shift work
~Sleep deprivation
~Stress from work overload and inadequate staffing
~Intense feelings generated by caring for acutely ill and dying patients. |
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Term
| Pro's of Stem Cell Research |
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Definition
~Can help eradicate disease
~Stem cells can be reprogrammed to become almost any cell in the body
~There's now more effective alternatives to using embryonic cells |
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