Term
|
Definition
Novel properties emerge that are not present at the level just below.
ex #1: If a serious head injury disrupts the intricate architecture of a human brain, the mind may cease to function properly even though all of the brain parts are still present. Our thoughts and memories are emergent properties of a complex network of nerve cells.
ex #2: At an even higher level of biological organization—at the ecosystem level—the recycling of nutrients such as carbon depends on a network of diverse organisms interacting with each other and with the soil and air. |
|
|
Term
| How does evolution explain the diversity we see in living organisms? |
|
Definition
Descent with modification. Diversity in the modifications that evolved as species branched from their common ancestors. Successive generations change slightly to better fit their environment. They diverge into separate groups according to diet, habitat, etc until they are new species.
ex: Finches |
|
|
Term
| How does evolution explain the unity that we find in living organisms? |
|
Definition
Unity in the kinship among species that descended from common ancestors. Though they have modified so much that they are very diverse, they still have things in common.
Ex #1: Humans, whales, bats all have the same forelimb bones.
Ex #2: DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organism
Population
Community
Biosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
Molecular evidence that archaea are at least as closely related to eukaryotic organisms as they are to bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classification scheme for naming organisms (genus, domain, family, etc) |
|
Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elements that are required in only minute quantities for life.
Ex: Iron, iodine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner.
Ex: A sodium atom has a total of 11 electrons, with its single valence electron in the third electron shell. A chlorine atom has a total of 17 electrons, with 7 electrons in its valence shell. When these two atoms meet, the lone valence electron of sodium is transferred to the chlorine atom, and both atoms end up with their valence shells complete. (Because sodium no longer has an electron in the third shell, the second shell is now the valence shell.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
Ex: When the two hydrogen atoms come close enough for their 1s orbitals to overlap, they share their electrons. Each hydrogen atom now has 2 electrons associated with it in what amounts to a completed valence shell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.
Ex: The partial positive charge of a water molecule is attracted to the partial negative charge of other water molecules. |
|
|
Term
| van der Waals interaction |
|
Definition
| Weak and occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together. Attraction between atoms. Interactions between electron clouds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water attracted to polar and charged molecules. Non-charged molecules are repelled by water, so they prefer contact with each other over water. |
|
|
Term
| Strength order or the various (covalent, ionic, etc) bonds in the cell |
|
Definition
Covalent (considerably stronger)
Ionic
Hydrogen
(Hydrophobic)
van der Waals |
|
|
Term
| Some characteristics of carbon |
|
Definition
Bond with other carbons
Can form ring structures
Can rotate as a single bond (double can't) |
|
|
Term
| The four emergent properties of water |
|
Definition
| COHESION
Surface tension. The hydrogen bonds hold the substance together. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants.
MODERATION of TEMPERATURE
Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler. Water is effective as a heat bank because it can absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature.
LESS DENSE AS A SOLID
If ice sank, then eventually all ponds, lakes, and even oceans would freeze solid, making life as we know it impossible on Earth. During summer, only the upper few inches of the ocean would thaw. Instead, when a deep body of water cools, the floating ice insulates the liquid water below, preventing it from freezing and allowing life to exist under the frozen surface.
POLAR SOLVENT
Polar and charged substances dissolve in water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The dissolving agent of a solution
Ex: Water when you mix water and sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The substance that is dissolved in a solution
Ex: Sugar when you mix water and sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Ex: When hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to water, hydrogen ions dissociate from chloride ions. This results in the solution having more H+ than OH-. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Some bases reduce the H+ concentration directly by accepting hydrogen ions. Other bases reduce the H+ concentration indirectly by dissociating to form hydroxide ions, which then combine with hydrogen ions in the solution to form water. |
|
|
Term
| On the pH scale, is 2 an acid or a base? Is 13 an acid or a base? 7? |
|
Definition
2 is an acid.
13 is a base.
7 is neutral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH− in a solution. A buffer works by accepting hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions to the solution when they have been depleted. Most buffer solutions contain a weak acid and its corresponding base, which combine reversibly with hydrogen ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nearly every job.
Structural support (internal skeleton in cells). Protection. Catalysis (speeding up chemical rxns (enzymes)). Transport (getting things actoss the cell membrance, around the cell, etc). Regulation (balance in cell, genes on or off). Movement (of cells, organisms). Communication. |
|
|
Term
| What do polysaccharides do? |
|
Definition
| Some are involved in structure. Energy storage. Communication.
Starch - plant polysaccharide.
Glycogen - animal
Cellulose - formed when chained (plant cell wall)
Chitin - fungi version of cellulose |
|
|
Term
| What do nucleic acids do? |
|
Definition
| Information storage.
DNA. RNA.
Made of monomers. Sugar with 5 carbons (pentose sugar), nitrogenous base, and phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that does not consist of polymers. Grouped together because they share one important trait: They have little or no affinity for water. |
|
|
Term
| What are nucleic acids made of? |
|
Definition
| Monomer is the nucleotide which is composed of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Many of these together create the polymer, polynucleotide.
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is a protein made of? |
|
Definition
| They are all polymers constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids. Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations.
Amino acid:
[image] |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
Beta pleated sheet
Alpha helix |
|
|
Term
| What is the tertiary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
| Further folds in on itself. This is where a protein becomes functional. Interactions between R groups cause it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the quaternary structure of a protein? |
|
Definition
| Multiple polypeptides come together. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the proteins that help other proteins fold into the right shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are polysaccharides made of? |
|
Definition
| They are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. |
|
|
