Biology, like other sciences, is not just facts and theories. It is also a process. Modem science, including biology, is primarily dependent on inductive logic reasoning, which has given rise to the Scientific Method

Biology:

a process

uses Inductive Logic Reasoning

Scientific Method

TWO METHODS OF REASONING:

a) deductive reasoning = reasoning from a general premise to a specific conclusion. 

b) inductive reasoning = reasoning from a series of specific facts or observations to a general principle.

DEFINE:

Deductive Reasoning

 Scientific Method: 

(a) Observation 

(b) Hypothesis 

(c) Experimentation 

(d) Conclusion

O, H, E, C

Identify steps in Scientific Methods:

O

H

E

C

Hypothesis 

a tentative explanation formulated from the 

observations using inductive reasoning. It attempts to explain the event and is subject to tests. 

Define

HYPOTHESIS:

Experimentation

Carefully designed lab work or field work to test the hypothesis using deductive reasoning.  An experiment must consist of an experimental group and a control group for comparison purpose.

Experimentation uses _________ reaoning.

Two groups are used in experimentation:

(a) ______________________

(b) ______________________

CONCLUSION

Data from experimentation should either support or contradict the hypothesis.  

If a hypothesis is supported by repeated experimental testing, it is now qualified as a Theory.

[If the data contradict the hypothesis,A new hypothesis and new experimentation work will have to be done].

support

contradict

If the data supports the Hypothesis after repeated experimentation, you will have a:

__________________/

Define

HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation used in short-term basis. When enough data have been collected to support a series of hypothesis, which stand the test of time where they have been tested and never rejected, as a result a theory is formed.

When enough data have been collected to support a series of hypothesis, which stand the test of time where they have been tested and never rejected, as a result a theory is formed.

Define

THEORY

Theory is a unifying explanation for a broad range of observation.

Although theories are not the absolute truth in science, they serve as the solid foundation in the understanding of natural phenomena. 

Do theories provide absolute truths?

What do they do?

No.

They serve as the solid foundation in the understanding of natural phenomena. 

Identify the five basic properties found in all living things:

a) C___________ o_________________

b) M______________

c) H______________ 

d) R______________

e) H______________

from parent to offspring . 

a) Cellular organization

b) Metabolism 

c) Homeostasis 

d) Reproduction 

e) Heredity 

Define

Cellular Organization.

Cellular organization:

all living things are composed of cells.

Define

METABOLISM

Metabolism:  

All living things undergo chemical and physical changes to produce energy which is needed for all cell activities . 

Define

HOMEOSTASIS

Homeostasis

All living things maintain relatively stable internal conditions regardless of drastic changes in their surrounding . 

Define

REPRODUCTION

Reproduction

All living things reproduce and form a continuum of heredity in their species. 

Define

HEREDITY

Heredity

All living organisms possess a genetic system using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to transmit their characteristics from parent to offspring . 

DNA

It is responsible for transmitting characteristics of the parents to the offspring.

Six general themes of biology:

1. Levels of organization

2. Flow of Energy

3. Evolution

4. Cooperation

5. Structure determines function ("form fits function")

6.  Homeostasis

Hierarchies of Complexity:

1.  Each living organism is composed of: 

Particles, Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, 

Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs. Organ Systems 

2.  Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biomes, Biosphere 

MEMORIZE:

P   A   M   M   O   C   T   O   O

MEMORIZE:

S   [   C    E   B   B