Term
| What are the 4 branches of Japanese government? |
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Definition
| (1) the legislative branch, the national diet; (2) the executive branch, the prime minister and his cabinet; (3) the Liberal Democratic Party and power shift to the Democratic Party of Japan; (4) bureaucrats |
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Term
| What do we call the Japanese legislative branch of government? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the legislative branch of Japanese government unicameral or bicameral? What does this mean? |
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Definition
| bicameral; there are 2 bodies |
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Term
| What are the 2 bodies, or houses, of the legislative branch of Japanese government? |
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Definition
| House of Representatives, House of Councillors |
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Term
| Do members of the legislative branch of Japanese government consider themselves to be the supreme power of the state? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the Japanese National Diet have more or less independence than its American equivalent (the U.S. Congress)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the Japanese government have checks and balances? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has the role of the National Diet been basically limited to? |
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Definition
| "rubber-stamping" decisions made elsewhere |
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Term
| How many houses are in the Japanese House of Representatives? |
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Definition
| 2; the upper house and the lower house |
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Term
| Which house of the Japanese House of Representatives is more powerful? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the upper house of the Japanese House of Representatives rejects a bill passed by the lower house, is it possible for it to become law? If so, how? |
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Definition
| yes; it becomes law if passed again by the lower house in a two-thirds vote |
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Term
| How do members of the Japanese House of Representatives elect a prime minister? |
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Definition
| they elect him from among themselves by a majority vote |
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Term
| How many members are in the Japanese House of Representatives? How old do they have to be? How long is a representative's term? |
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Definition
| 480; 25 years of age; 4 years |
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Term
| How many members are there in the Japanese House of Councillors? How old do they have to be to be eligible to run? How long is a councillor's term? |
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Definition
| 242; 30 years of age; 6 years |
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Term
| Can the Japanese government's House of Councillors be dissolved? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| no; only half of its membership is re-elected at each election (these occur every 3 years) |
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Term
| /Who is the head of Japanese government? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who helps the Japanese Prime Minister direct the government? |
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Definition
| a Cabinet made up of people who are his political allies |
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Term
| The Japanese Prime Minister is usually a leader of the (majority/minority) party. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if the Japanese House of Representatives passes a no-confidence vote concerning the Prime Minister's Cabinet? |
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Definition
| they resign; they are responsible to the Japanese National Diet (the legislative branch) |
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Term
| Can the Japanese House of Representatives be dissolved? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| yes; the Emperor (on the advice of the Prime Minister) can dissolve the House of Representatives at any time |
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Term
| What is a recent example where the Japanese Prime Minister has been involved in the dissolution of the Japanese House of Representatives? Why did this occur? What happened in response to this? |
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Definition
| Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi dissolved the HOR and called for new elections on 8/8/05; the HOR defeated bills proposed by the Prime Minister that would have split Japan Post into 4 private companies over a period of 10 years (Koizumi relied on the passage of these bills to establish the credibility of his reforms); Koizumi took offense to this and called a snap election for the House of Representatives |
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Term
| What is the Japanese Supplementary Member System? |
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Definition
| a parallel voting system that combines plurality voting ("winner-take-all") with proportional representation; a proportion of the seats are assigned using the winner-take-all system, while the remaining seats are chosen from party lists |
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Term
| In the Japanese electoral system, if a party gets 5% of the vote, how many seats will that party get in the National Diet? |
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Definition
| 5% of the party list seats--not 5% of the total seats (a portion of the seats are chosen through proportional representation) |
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Term
| 180 are elected from 11 multi-member constituencies by proportional representation. |
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Definition
| 2. House of Councillors with 242 members. 121 members face election each time (every three years); 73 are elected from the 47 multi-member districts and 48 are elected from a nationwide list by proportional representation. |
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Term
| What is 1 of the most important factors in electoral success in Japan? What percentage of the Liberal Democratic Party candidates in the 1990 lower house elections signified this importance? |
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Definition
| family; 40% of the LDP candidates in the 1990 lower house elections were children of Diet members |
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Term
| What are koenkai? Why are they significant? |
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Definition
| local support groups; their influence is important for, or contributes to, electoral success |
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Term
| How do members of the Japanese National Diet differ from many members of the U.S. Congress in their professional backgrounds? |
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Definition
| most members of the National Diet do not have legal credentials (whereas most members of the U.S. Congress are or were lawyers) |
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Term
| How do candidates for the Japanese National Diet try to achieve electoral success? What are some examples of this? |
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Definition
| by building small support groups among voters in their district; they may do small favors to win votes--helping their children get into a good school or get a good job, sending flowers if they open a new store, sending cards on holidays, financing koenkai parties and vacation trips; they also try to win over leaders of small organizations (ex: agricultural cooperatives, temple associations, small and medium-sized business groups, women’s groups) |
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Term
| What year did the Japanese attack the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the U.S. response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? What year did this occur? |
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Definition
| the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; the Emperor of Japan also went on the radio to make an announcement to the Japanese people of his unconditional surrender to the U.S.; 1945 |
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Term
| Who was General Douglas MacArthur? |
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Definition
| the Supreme commander of the Occupation forces (American occupation in Japan); an important figure from 1945-1952 |
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Term
| What was the main policy of the Occupation authorities? |
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Definition
| demilitarization; they hoped that Japan and its people would never again be led to fight a war of aggression against the U.S. |
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Term
| What kind of government did the U.S. hope to establish in Japan, largely in response to the attack at Pearl Harbor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some important changes that occurred in Japan in 1947? |
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Definition
| 1) political reforms: a new constitution (sometimes called the MacArthur Constitution) was drafted; 2) land reforms; 3) labor reforms; 4) educational reforms |
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Term
| When was the MacArthur Constitution drafted? What was it different from? |
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Definition
| 1947; the Meiji Constitution of 1889 (this was the constitution in place before 1947) |
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Term
| List some of the major political changes that occurred as a result of the MacArthur Constitution. |
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Definition
| (1) sovereignty was said to rest with the people, not the emperor; (2) the emperor lost all political status, remaining on simply as a symbol of the state and unity of the people (this resulted in the Japanese people ceasing to be submissive to the emperor, a method of democratization); (3) the Meiji Constitution did not have a system of checks and balances--the MacArthur Constitution did involve some checks on the power of the executive; (4) the MacArthur Constitution defined the roles of each branch of government with clear limes of responsibility (ex: the House of Representatives, House of Chancellors, the Cabinet, and the Judiciary were created with purposes and responsibilities); (5) the most powerful political institution was meant to be the Diet, which consisted of freely elected representatives of the people; (6) civil liberties were established (ex: the right to free speech); (7) military forces were completely abolished under Article 9 of the new constitution--Japan was forbidden to maintain an army or go to war ever again |
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Term
| When did the Cold War start? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) win the majority in the Lower House of the National Diet? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the Liberal Democratic Party lose power in Japan, if only briefly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened in Japan in 1991? |
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Definition
| the economic "bubble" burst, sending Japan into a lengthy recession |
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Term
| When did Hirohito, the Shôwa emperor, die in Japan? Why was this event politically significant? |
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Definition
| 1989; this emperor had come to the throne in 1926--his death signified the end of the long era that had included WWII and the postwar in Japan |
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Term
| When did U.S. occupation of Japan end? What else happened around this time? |
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Definition
| 1952; the Japanese economy regained its highest prewar production levels--achieving record economic growth; a stable political system was established (the LDP) |
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Term
| What is the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan? When was it established? |
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Definition
| a conservative, pro-American party; this party has maintained a solid majority of the National Diet and has emphasized close relations with the United States; has controlled the Japanese government for quite some time; 1952 |
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Term
| When did the Korean War begin? What did this have to do with Japan? |
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Definition
| 1950; with U.S. support, Japan rebuilt many of its wartime industries to supply U.S. forces in the Korean War; at this time, Japan entered into a security treaty with the U.S. which established it as an important player in America's Asian defense strategy |
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Term
| What were land reforms of 1947 in Japan? Describe the system that was already in place and how it was changed. |
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Definition
| an attempt at democratizing Japan by redistributing resources more equally throughout the economy; prewar Japan consisted of many farmers (50% of workforce) renting land (2/3rds of country's agricultural land) from greedy landlords (usually these farmers owned under 1 acre); the farmers paid the landlords with 50% of the crops they grew, resulting in many farmer's families living in poverty; the reforms took land away from the landlords and gave it to the farmers to own; this allowed the farmers to participate more freely in the new democracy |
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Term
| What were the labor reforms of Japan that occurred in 1947? |
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Definition
| industrial workers were allowed to form trade unions; large business-combines which had been part of the military-industrial machine were partially dismantled (not fully because it would have been hard for Japan's economy to recover) |
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Term
| Describe the educational reforms in Japan during 1947. |
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Definition
| curriculum was designed to deconstruct the emperor in the eyes of the Japanese people (ex: erase the idea that the emperor was a demigod), provide more social and economic opportunities for the average Japanese people, eliminate the importance of nationalist mythology (ex: replacing it with a more international perspective), instruct and inform the people of democratic ideas, take control and censorship out of the hands of the central government and place them in the hands of local administrations |
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Term
| When did the Edo Era (Tokugawa Shogunate) of Japan occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Meiji Period (Meiji Restoration) in Japan? |
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Definition
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Term
| What period in Japanese history served as the Imperial Japan (Pacific War)? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the surrender of Japan? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was American Occupation of Japan? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the current period in Japan (1945-present) referred to? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the periods of Japan in chronological order. |
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Definition
| Edo Era (Tokugawa Shogunate); Meiji Period (Meiji Restoration); Imperial Japan (Pacific War); Surrender of Japan; American Occupation of Japan; Japan |
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Term
| NAME THAT TAIWAN PRESIDENT: CHIANG KAI-SHEK (took office/left office/party) |
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Definition
| 1948-1975; KMT (Chinese Nationalist Party) |
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Term
| NAME THAT TAIWAN PRESIDENT: CHIANG CHING-KUO (took office/left office/party) |
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Definition
| 1978-1988; KMT (Chinese Nationalist Party) |
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Term
| NAME THAT TAIWAN PRESIDENT: LEE TENG-HUI (took office/left office/party) |
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Definition
| 1988-2000; KMT (Chinese Nationalist Party) (?) |
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Term
| NAME THAT TAIWAN PRESIDENT: CHEN SHUI-BIAN (took office/left office/party) |
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Definition
| 2000-2008; DPP (Pan-Green Coalition) |
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Term
| NAME THAT TAIWAN PRESIDENT: MA YING-JEOU (took office/left office/party) |
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Definition
| May 20, 2008-present; KMT (Pan-Blue Coalition) |
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Term
| How many terms is the president of Taiwan limited to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since when has the president of Taiwan been elected by a popular vote? How long is the president’s term? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main concepts of Maoism? |
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Definition
| (1) the notions of people's democracy; (2) the two stages of revolution--internal and external revolution |
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Term
| What is internal revolution? |
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Definition
| the process in which internal contradictions are eliminated (ex: class contradictions, bourgeoisie); this should be cleaned up, possibly through the instrument of self-criticism |
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Term
| What is an external revolution and what are external tensions, according to the concepts of Maoism? |
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Definition
| contradictions between China and non-China; the belief that external people are always coming to take over China; an external revolution will be violent and involve force, which is why military strength is important |
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Term
| What is the Chinese political ideology? |
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Definition
| people's nationalism; not a proletariat dictatorship, but a people's dictatorship; the concept of the people is important |
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Term
| When did Korea cease to exist as a unified and independent country? How long had the unification lasted for, and what dynasty was this considered to be? |
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Definition
| 1910; 1300 years (Chosun Dynasty) |
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Term
| When was the first Sino-Japanese War? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1902, Japan recognized British interests in China in exchange for British recognition of ___. |
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Definition
| Japanese interests in Korea |
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Term
| When was the Russia-Japan War? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Taft-Katsura Agreement? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1910, Korea was taken in conquest by Japan until ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)? Why was it significant? |
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Definition
| a secret diplomatic meeting memorandum (not a treaty or bilaterally signed document) made between Secretary of War William Howard Taft and Prime Minister of Japan Katsura Taro in 1905; the U.S. recognized Japan's influence in Korea and Japan recognized the U.S.'s influence in the Philippines; not publicized until 1924; meant to smooth Japanese-American relations |
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Term
| How long did the Korean War last? |
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Definition
| started in 1950; the U.S. and Soviet armies went home in late 1948 and 1949 |
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Term
| What was the significance of Secretary of State Dean Acheson's involvement in the Korean War? |
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Definition
| Dean Acheson made a speech and publicly declared that South Korea was beyond the American defense line and that American support for the new Syngman Rhee government in South Korea would be limited; led Kim Il-Sung (president of N. Korea) and Joseph Stalin (1st General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union--leader of the Soviet Union) to believe the U.S. would not intervene if S. Korea was attacked |
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Term
| Who invaded Korea between 1592 and 1598? Who intervened? |
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Definition
| Toyotomi Hideyoshi (Prime Regent of Japan); China (Ming Dynasty) |
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Term
| Who originally proposed to divide Korea into 2 parts? Who rejected this proposition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the line of demarcation between the boundaries of N. and S. Korea? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed the division of Korea into 2 territories in 1945? Who accepted this proposition? |
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Definition
| the U.S.; the Soviet Union |
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Term
| When were the 2 opposing regimes officially created? Who led each regime? |
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Definition
| 1948; North Korea (communist regime): Kim Il-Sung; South Korea (U.S.-backed regime): Rhee Syngman |
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Term
| In 1905, to avoid the Russian-Japanese conflict, Japan proposed ___. What happened as a result? |
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Definition
| the division of Korea; Russia rejected the proposal and went to war with Japan |
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Term
| Was the entrance order of each country's delegates at the Beijing Olympics significant? If so, how was this order determined? |
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Definition
| yes (it was determined using the number of strokes in the first Chinese character of each country's name--least to greatest) [ex: Australia is usually 3rd according to alphabetical order; the first Chinese character, when writing out Australia's name, takes 15 strokes to complete, making it the 203rd country] |
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Term
| What are factors that influence regime formation? |
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Definition
| geography and natural conditions, geopolitics, culture and political beliefs, social structures, demography, economic conditions, and most importantly the developmental stage in which the system may be situated |
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Term
| What happens in China in 1911? |
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Definition
| revolution breaks out, the monarchy is abolished, and a period of instability and warlordism ensues |
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Term
| What was the "May 4th Movement" and when did it occur? |
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Definition
| a student-based protest against foreign control over Chinese affairs / Wikipedia: was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919 protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problem. These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards populist base rather than intellectual elites; 1919 |
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Term
| What was the Shandong Problem? What did it serve as a catalyst for? |
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Definition
| a dispute over Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles-this transferred control over areas previously ruled by Germany in the Shandong peninsula to Japan rather than return them to China; during WWI, China supported the Allied Powers under the impression that these areas would be returned to them; the areas seized by the Germans in the Shandong peninsula were considered to be the birthplace of Confucius, as important to the Chinese as Jerusalem to the Christians; this sparked the the May 4th Movement, student protests and a cultural movement - influencing Wellington Koo (Chinese ambassador to Paris) to refuse signing the treaty; eventually the U.S. mediated the dispute and the lands were returned to China; however, Japanese residents in Shandong were given special rights |
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Term
| When was the Chinese Communist Party formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Confucianism, are all citizens equal? If so, why? If not, how so? |
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Definition
| no; those who work with their minds are fit to rule, while those who work with their hands are not (those who work with their minds are literate and have mastered the Confucian classics) |
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Term
| What are 4 important social relationships in Confucianism? |
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Definition
| ruler/subject, father/son, husband/wife, teacher/subject |
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Term
| What is the key to social harmony, according to Confucianism? |
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Definition
| knowing and accepting your place within the social hierarchy as well as your responsibilities |
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Term
| In the hierarchy of social relationships, according to Confucianism, how must lower parties react in relation to superior parties? Vice versa? |
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Definition
| lower parties must show loyalty and obedience, the superior party must give empathy and assistance |
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Term
| What are the 4 main tenets of Confucianism? |
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Definition
| (1) the mind and body are 2 mutually independent parts with completely different functions *the mind prevails; (2) conflicting forces of the individual v. the group *the group prevails; (3) laws and principles should always follow the path of harmony; social virtues originate from humility; (4) each person has a prescribed role in society--this helps avoid conflict and maintain social stability |
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Term
| What is a negative effect of predestined superior-subordinate relationships, as designated by the tenets of Confucianism? |
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Definition
| they strip youth of initiative, putting social and political power in the hands of the older and more conservative |
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Term
| How does the Chinese Emperor ensure the survival and prosperity of China? |
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Definition
| through "correct conduct"--emphasizing formal ritual |
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Term
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Definition
| kneeling down and knocking your forehead on the ground three times |
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Term
| Who were the 1st people to discover Taiwan? What did they call it? When did this occur? |
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Definition
| the Portuguese (however, they did not colonize it); 'formosa' - 'beautiful island'; 1544 |
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Term
| Who were the 1st people to colonize Taiwan? When did this occur? |
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Definition
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