-structural (offensive) realism -states pursue hegemony -no status quo powers - all will want to dominate

5 assumptions 1) anarchy 2) states have offensive military 3) can't know other's intentions 4) survival is primary goal 5) states are rational actors

Brute force vs. coercion-> violence in war is meant to hurt-> targetted at doing mass damage and pain as a way to undermine support for war -Threat of force as threat of pain w/ goal to bring other to BARGAINING table, though this can fail and lead to violence

"The threat of pain tries to structure someone's motives, while brute force tries to overcome his strength."

-must know what the adversary values

-pain must appear contingent on their actions

-nuclear weapons change things... speed of events ,control of events, sequence of events, relation of victor to vanquished, and the relation of homeland to fighting front

Force can be used for both military and non-military purposes 

1) military power has spillover effects on other domains - "In sum, in a well-ordered state, public force suppresses private force... this creates stability that has spillover effects on other non-military issues."

2) "Linkage" politics - military linked to a nonmilitary issue to strengthen bargaining leverage.  The presence of force can persuade people to do things which aren't necessarily the most beneficial for them, directly.

Fungibility of Force- basic argument is that the assumption that military force is only good for military purposes… it’s good to have bombs and rockets and soldiers… he wants to argue that military force has many other uses and effects in world politics

Spillover- you use a particular means to reach an end, and it has some other subsidiary effect, and that would be called spillover

Linkage- issues are often linked together.  Many military stuff isn’t good for forcing a country to lower oil, but they are linked to security… linkage that makes military force fungible

Terrorism has record of achieving limited goals Timing matters nationalistic goals success targetting democracies -Won't achieve huge goals but does seem to influence opponents' behavior

1) Suicide terrorism is strategic.

2) The starategic logic of suicide terrorism is psecifically designed to coerce modern democracies to make significant concessions to national self-determination.

3) During the past 20 years, suicide terrorism has been steadily rising because terrorists have learned that it pays.

4) Moderate suicide terrorism has led to mmoderate concessions, but more ambitious suicide terrorist campaigns are not likely to achieve still greater gains and may well fail completely.

3 conceptions of Political Economy: Liberalism - Economics should DETERMINE politics Marxism- Economics DOES DETERMINE politics Mercantilism - Politics determines economics

Nature of economics relations (harmonious or conflictual)

Nature of the actors (Households and firms, econoimc classes, nation-states)

Goal of economic activity (Maximize global welfare, maximize class interests, maximize national interest)

Theory of change (dynamic equilibrium, tendency toward disequilibrium, shifts in the distribution of power)

-States are less globalized than we commonly think -Nuclear weapons deter wars more than economic independence

-Nation-state still dominant actor and will be for some time

-Economics important but politics more important

-Transnational networks (international and domestic non-governmental research and advocacy organizations) formed by activists when governments fail to provide something - rising in power over recent decades 4 methods: 1) Information politics - provide alternate info, usually phrased persuasively 2) symbolic politics - days of recognition, anniversaries, prizes 3) leverage politics - persuade powerful actors through money or mobilizing voters ("mobilization of shame") 4) accountability politics - expose difference between talk and practice of a government

NGOs that introduce new ideas and advocate for policy changes.

Examples: local social movements, foundations, the media, churches, trade unions, consumer-organizations and intellecutals, parts of regional and international/inter-governmental organizations, parts of the executive and/or parliamentary branches of governments

core focus: war and security

how self-interested states survive in an environment where they are uncertain about teh intentions and capabilities of others

Key actors: states

Central concepts: anarchy, self-help, national interest, relative gains, balance of power

Prescription: protect autonomy and deter rivals through military power

Predictions: balances of power recur; bipolar orders are stable; rising states challenge dominant states

core focus: institutionalized peace

how self-interested actors seek benefits through cooperation

Key actors: states, IGOs, MNCs

Central concepts: anarchy, institutions, democracy, interdependence

Prescription: Pursue institutional reform through democratization, international cooperation, and international law and organization

Prediction: Democracies don't fight one another; institutions provide the framework for cooperation and peace.

core focus: shared meanings, ideas, norms

How ideas, principles and identities shape world politics

Key actors: states; individuals; NGOs

Central concepts: Ideas, identities, norms, social construction of reality

The realist view of social order

Social order rests on the pursuit of self-interest. 

People are moved by the fear of coercion.

Society does not make moral progress.

The liberal view of social order

Social order rests on the pursuit of self-interest.

People are moved by the benefits of cooperation, rather than the fear of coercion.

Society makes moral progress.

First level:

1) human aggression

2) relative deprivation

Second level:

1) political structure

2) economic structure

Third level:

-distribution of power

What states fight over: 

1) territory

2) economic interests

3) ideology

1) failed states

2) lack of democracy

3) communal conflict

4) greed and predation

This situation is called a “security dilemma,” since each player’s security (the arms it builds) makes the other player more insecure.

(1)  The increasingly prevalent movement of goods, people, and ideas across national boundaries without significant, direct participation or control by high-level governmental actors.

(2)  A historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents

(3)  The increased integration or interdependence of economies and societies around the world, particularly through international trade and the flow of capital, the exchange of ideas and people, the transfer of culture and technology, and the development of transnational regulations.

Implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards.

Why do states make and follow law, when there’s no central authority to enforce it?

·     insofar as it serves their interests in the struggle for power;

·     to take advantage of the possibilities for mutual gain;

·     to express values or ideals.

custom (consistent practice)

convention (explicit agreement)

1.  Just cause

2.  Legitimate authority

3.  Right intention

4.  Probability of success

5.  Proportionality

6.  Last resort

(1) Republican governments represent the people and thus will fight wars only for liberal purposes that the general population will endorse (individual freedom, human rights, private property, and the like).

(the constitutional source of liberal peace)

(2) International law creates a community among liberal states which share a fundamental commitment to human rights. Mutual understanding and peace grows among states as this culture progresses, just as mutual understanding and peace characterize the relations of individuals within a liberal state.

(3) Economic interdependence (free trade and the division of labor) provides material incentives for liberal states to cooperate rather than fight.

The purposes of the UN are

1- To maintain international peace and security;

2- To develop friendly relations among nations;

War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, defined as those entities which either are states or intend to become states.

1.     It is often just an excuse for self-interested action. (Objection in principle)

2.     International order depends on the principle of non-intervention. (If you have a world where states are sending military into other countries all the time, you won’t have any kind of order.)

3.     What happens inside one state is not the business of other states. (particularly, the Chinese will make this argument- the argument of sovereignty.  Sovereignty should always trump the responsibility to protect.)

1.     International law permits it (UN Charter emphasizes that aggression and other things legitimate collective intervention – Chapter 7)

2.     It is true that intervention tends to disrupt order, but an order that leads to great human suffering is not worth preserving.

3.     The international community has the responsibility to protect people when the state in which they live won’t or can’t do so.  The responsibility to protect is paramount.  States have a collective responsibility to human kind against wont and violence, wherever it occurs.