Preproinsulin ->signal sequence cleaved -> Proinsulin form ->cleaved in golgi complex -> Insulin and C-peptide

degraded by insulinase in the liver

Glucose -> Glucose-6-phosphate (1st)

Fructose 6-phosphate -> Fructose 1,6 -bis-P (3rd)

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) -> Pyruvate (last)

Fructose-6-phosphate -> Fructose 1,6-bis-phosphate

catalyzed by PhosphoFructoKinase-1 (PFK-1)

Inhibited by ATP, Citrate

Activated by AMP, Fructose 2,6-bis-phosphate

Phosphorylates glucose in most tissues

Has a low Km (high affinity) and small Vmax for glucose

Inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate

found in liver cells and beta cells of the pancreas

phosphorylates glucose

large Km (low affinity) and high Vmax for glucose

inhibited by fructose 6-phosphate

activated by glucose

enhanced by insulin

PEP -> Pyruvate

activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

activated by insulin

inhibited by glucagon

deficiency causes chronic hemolytic anemia

Forms lactate

Elevated NADH/NAD+ ratio favors pyruvate -> lactate

happens in exercising muscle and erythrocytes

Lactate dehydrogenase reverses this reaction

Net gain of 2 ATP  for each molecule of glucose

oxidatively decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase to form acetyl CoA

Carboxylated to form oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase

reduced to ethanol by pyruvate decarboxylase

Yields 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

Most important enzymes are citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Oxidation of NADHs and FADH2 yields 14 ATP from ETC

needs thiamine pyrophosphate to form succinyl CoA