Term
| procedures that should be followed when specify a material finish, especially if it's new or being used in a different way |
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Definition
1. obtain promotional literature, technical data, suggested details, and recommended installation procedures,material safety data sheets (MSDS), and a list of comparable projects where the product has been used.
2. inform the client of the products being selected, and any potential risks. obtain approval from client.
3. ask the rep about any problems with the product, any situations where it has failed.
4. contact references for projects where it has been used.
5. notify the manufacturer in writing of the intended use for the product, and ask for a response in writing that the use is appropriate.
6. follow manufacturer recommendations, details, and specifications, and obtain written approval of the specs from the manufacturer.
7. installation supervision in critical installs.
8. if it is particularly difficult, require that the manufacturer provide a field rep to oversee, and that installing sub is approved by manufacturer ahead of time.
9. investigate the production capability and financial condition of the manufacturer, distributor, and installing contractor. |
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Term
| criteria for selection: functions (5) |
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Definition
1. acoustic qualities (NRC - noise reduction coefficient)
2. aesthetics (balanced with other elements)
3. availability - check lead times
4. choice - (color, texture, other visual charateristics)
5. installation method- affects cost, scheduling of material, labor. |
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Term
| criteria for selection: durability (19) |
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Definition
1. abrasion resistance
2. attachment
3. blocking resistance
4. breaking strength
5. chemical resistance
6. coating adhesion (thin coatings - adhesion to substrate)
7. cold-cracking resistance
8. colorfastness
9. corrosion resistance
10. crocking resistance - transfer color
11. fabrication quality
12. heat aging resistance
13. light fastness - sunlight exposure
14. scubability - cleaned with brush & detergent
15. shrinkage - with exposure to moisture
16. stain resistance
17. strength/structure
18. tear resistance/tear strength
19. washability |
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Term
| criteria for selection: maintainability (5) |
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Definition
1. cleanability - most important
2. repairability
3. resilience (soft flooring like tile)
4. self healing quality
5. sustainability |
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Term
| criteria for selection: safety/health (7) |
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Definition
1. finish safety (surface & edge cond)
2. flammability (most important), tested by Steiner tunnel test
3. mold & mildew resistance
4. outgassing - gases include formaldehyde, chlorofluorocarbons, etc.
5. security- glazing,hardware
6. slip resistance
7. voliatile organic compound (VOC) |
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Term
criteria for selection: cost
2 aspects of cost |
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Definition
very important, should be balanced with considerations of value & durability.
2 aspects of cost: first cost, life cost |
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Term
| two leading standards organizations in the US |
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Definition
American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
*many of the standards that trade associations develop become adopted as industry standards and are referenced by building codes and regulatory agencies |
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Term
| negligence & the importance of documentation |
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Definition
the failure to use the care ordinarily exercised in similiar cases by other qualified members of the profession and failure to use reasonalbe diligence and best professional judgement in the exercise of work.
documentation can provide evidence that the interior designer acted appropriately and professionally. also acts as back up for billing |
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Term
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Definition
| furniture, fixtures, & equipment - desicribes freestanding interior components that are not physically attached to the construction and that are usually purchased under a separate contract. |
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Term
| three basic categories of furniture |
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Definition
1. ready made furniture
2. custom designed furniture
3. built in furniture |
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Term
| Furniture Selection Criteria (6) |
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Definition
1.Functional need
- purpose of piece
- type of people to use it
- need for adjustability
- finish requirements
- durability
- size
2.Comfort
- sized correctly for who will use
- easy to use
- do not present safty hazards
3. Aesthetics
4. Quality
- expected maintenance
- length of time before replacement
5. Finish selection
- durability
- maintenance
- flammability
6. Cost (always important)
- life-cycle
- initial cost |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Natural (Cellulosic and Protein)
2. Synthetic |
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Term
What are the characteristics of Wool?
(7) |
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Definition
1. resilience
2. elasticity
3. wears well
4. resistant to soiling
5. cleans easy
6. self-extinguishing
7. not very dimensionally stable |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Cotton? (7) |
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Definition
1. cellulosic fiber
2. inexpensive
3. good tensile strength
4. poor resilience and recovery properties
5. degrads under sun exposure
6. burns readily
7. subjet to mildew |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Linen? (6) |
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Definition
1. bast fiber (comes from stalk of plant)
2. lacks resilience and flexability
3. susceptible to abrasionn
4. doesn't take printed dyes very well
5. dimensionally stable
6. resistant to fading |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Silk? (5) |
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Definition
1. strong
2. resiliant
3. flexible
4. expensive
5. degrades in sunlight |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Rayon? (7) |
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Definition
1. Regenerated cellulosic fiber
2. poor resistance to sunlight
3. poor resiliency
4. high absorbency
5. low resistance to water and moisture
6. flammable
7. seldom used for upholstery |
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Term
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Definition
| appropriate to use, comfortable, adaptable to a wide range of body types, strong, and have a durable finish |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Asetate? (5) |
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Definition
1. regenerated cellulosic fiber
2. low cost
3. flammable
4. doesn't wear well
5. poor sunlight resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| dimensions, sturdy support system, durable surface, correct light reflectivity on the surface, 24-30" per person in width |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Nylon? (4) |
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Definition
1. synthetic fibers
2. really strong
3. high resiliency and elasticity
4. resistant to many chemicals, water, microorganisms |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Acrylic? (5) |
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Definition
1. replacement for wool
2. moderately good strength
3. resiliant
4. resistant to sunlight
5. can be flammable |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Olefin? (8) |
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Definition
1. inexpensive
2. high resistance to chemicals
3. resistant to mildew
4. resistant to microorganisms
5. highly resilient
6. nonabsorbent
7. low resistance to sunlight, heat, flame
8. not really used for upholstery |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Polyester?(6) |
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Definition
1. good resilience
2. good elasicity
3. high resistance to solvents and other chemicals
4. good resistance to sunlight
5. undesirable burning properties (can be treated to bake it more flame resistant)
6. absorbs and holds oily materials |
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Term
| What are some specialty fibers? (3) |
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Definition
1. Avora FR (modified polyester that is flame resistant)
2. Crypton (stain,water,flame, and bacterial resistant)
3. Gore (fabric lamination and treatment for seating protection) |
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Term
| Criteria for selecting fabrics. (8) |
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Definition
1. Durability
- Snagging
- Fuzzing
- Pilling
2. Flammability
3. Dimensional stability
- Buttoning
- Tufting
- Channeling
4. Maintenance
5. Appearance
6. Scale
7. Comfort
8. Touch |
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Term
| PBDE (flame retardent on fabric) |
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Definition
Poly-Brominated Diphenyl Ethers
Types:
1. decaBDE (used in textiles and electronics)
2. pentaBDE (used in furniture and carpet)
this type of flame retardent can cause neurological, developmental, and reproductive damage in laboratory animals. Some manufacturers have already stopped using these types of retardents. |
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Term
| List fabic types from most resistant to fire to least resistant when untreated. (9) |
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Definition
1. wool
2. silk
3. modacrylic
4. nylon
5. olefin
6. polyester
7. acrylic
8. acetate
9. cellulosic fibers (cotton, linen, rayon) |
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Term
| What are some commonly used cushioning materials? (6) |
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Definition
1. cotton batting
2. polyester batting
3. polyurethane foam
4. latex foam
5. rubberized fibers
6. shredded fibers |
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Term
| What type of untreated cellular plastic cushioning presents a particularly high fire hazard? (12) |
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Definition
1. Polyurethane
2. Polystyrene
3. Polyethylene
4. Polypropylene
5. PVC
6. ABS
7. Cellulose acetate
8. Epoxy
9. Phenolic
10. Urea
11. Silicone
12. Foam latex |
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Term
| When flammability resistance is a high priority what type of batting is a better choice over cotton? |
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Definition
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Term
| List padding types from most resistant to cigarette ignition and small flame to the least resistant. (8) |
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Definition
1. Neoprene and combustion modified polyurethane
2. Polyester batting
3. Smolder-resistant and flame resistant polyurethane foam
4. Smolder-resistant and flame resistant cellulosic batting
5. Mixed fiber batting
6. untreated polyurethane foam
7. cellulosic batting
8. latex foam (rarely used) |
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Term
| What is an important consideration in upholstery fire safety? |
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Definition
| smoldering resistance (commonly known as cigarette ignition resistance) |
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Term
What can increase the fire hazard of smoldering?
What should you use instead? |
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Definition
Decoritive treatments on seating
- Welt cording
instead use a flat seam such as railroading. Also be sure to space backs of furniture away from eachother to allow for cigaretts to fall to the floor. |
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Term
| What are the 3 performance criteria for cushioning? |
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Definition
1. density (mass per unit volume: lbm/ft3)
2. indentation load diflection: ILD (firmness)
3. support ratio (also called support facor or compression modulus) |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of materials flammability in regards to resistance and prevention according to the US standards (6) |
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Definition
1. resistance to ignition
2. resistance to flame spread
3. resistance to smoldering
4. prevention of smoke development
5. prevention of heat contribution to the growth of fire
6. prevention of toxic gas release |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for vertical ignition test?
What does this test? |
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Definition
NFPA 701 (equivalenttest UL 214)
This standard establishes two procedures for testing the flammability of draperies, curtains, or other window treatments. |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Cigarette ignition resistance test for furniture components?
What does this test? |
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Definition
NFPA 260 (Also know as CAL TB 117)
This standard sest the resistance of upholstered furniture components, seperately, to flame and cigarette ignition. |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites?
What does this test? |
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Definition
NFPA 261 (also known as CAL TB 116)
This standard tests the resistance of a seat cushion mock-up (including foam, liner, and fabric) to a lighted cigarette. |
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Term
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Definition
Business and Institutional Manufacturers Association
BIFMA standard classifies fabrics into class A-D. |
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Term
| What is class A fabric most resistant to in regard to fire? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the agency and test number for full seating test?
What does it test? |
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Definition
NFPA 226 (similar to CAL TB 133)
This test evaluates the effect of an open flame on an actual sample of a chair. |
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Term
| What does it mean to Char? |
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Definition
| Material remaining from incomplete combustion. |
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Term
| What does fire resistance mean? |
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Definition
| The propery of a material of assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it. |
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Term
| What does flammable mean? |
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Definition
| Capable of burning with a flame, the subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion. |
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Term
What does flame-retardant mean?
(as a adjective and a noun) |
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Definition
Adjective: only use as a modifier with defined compount terms such as "flame-retardant treatment"
Noun: should not be used unless they are describing a chemical used for that purpose. |
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Term
| What does smoldering mean? |
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Definition
| Combustion without flame that may burn for a relatively long time while generating smoke, toxic gas, and heat. |
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Term
What does AATCC stand for?
What do they do? |
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Definition
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
They tests fabrics wearability and durability |
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Term
What does CFFA stand for?
What do they do? |
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Definition
Chemical Fabrics and film Association
They tests fabrics wearability and durability |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Wyzenbeek Abrasion resistance test?
What does this test? |
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Definition
ASTM D4157 (also know as CCFA-1 Wyzenbeek method)
This test determines the abraion resistance of woven textile fabrics. |
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Term
| When is a fabric considered good in regards ASTM D4157? |
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Definition
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Term
How many double rubs to some manfacturers consider:
-Light Duty
-Medium Duty
-Heavy Duty |
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Definition
3000 Double Rubs
9000 Double Rubs
15,000 Double Rubs |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Taber abraser test?
What does this test? |
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Definition
ASTM D3884 (also know as CCFA-1 Tabor abraser method)
Ths test determines the abrasion resistance of textiles, most commonly of carpet. |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Martindale abrasion test?
What does this test? |
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Definition
ASTM D4966
This test determines the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics, generally with a pile depth of less the 0.08". Similar to the Wyzenbeek test. |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Fade-Ometer test?
What does this test? |
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Definition
AATCC Method 16
This test determines the color-fastness, under light exposure, of textile materials using six different test option. the most common test option uses a xenon-arc lamp with continuous light. |
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Term
| What is a similar test to AATCC Method 16 for chemically coated fabrics? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Crocking resistance test?
What does this test? |
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Definition
AATCC Test Method 8 (similar test is for coated fabrics is CFFA-7)
This test determines the resistance of a colored textile to tranfer its color from its surface to other surfaces by rubbing. |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Tearing strength test, tongue method?
What does this test? |
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Definition
ASTM D2261 (similar test is CFFA-16 method b)
Ths test measures the tearing resistance of fabrics after an initial cut has be made in the fabric. |
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Term
What is the agency and test number for Bacterial resistance test?
What does this test? |
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Definition
AATCC Test Method 147 (similar test is CFFA-300)
This test detects bacteriostatic actifity on textile materials. |
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Term
| What are the BIFMA standards for office furnishings? (6) |
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Definition
(ANCI/BIFMA X5.1) office chairs
(ANCI/BIFMA X5.2) lateral files
(ANCI/BIFMA X5.3) vertical files
(ANCI/BIFMA X5.4) lounge seating
(ANCI/BIFMA X5.5) desk products
(ANCI/BIFMA X5.6) panel systems |
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