Term
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Definition
process of collecting information, analyzing, and defining the problem.
"problem analysis" |
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Term
| what 9 elements should be a program contain? |
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Definition
1.client's goals and objectives
2. analysis of existing building
3. aesthetic considerations
4. space needs
5. adjacency requirements
6. organizing concepts
7. code review
8. budget requirements
9. scheduling requirements |
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Term
| A popular programming method uses a 5 step process. Describe these 5 steps. |
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Definition
1. Establishing goals (what the client wants to achieve and why)
2. collecting and analyzing facts.(budget, code restraints, equipment needs, etc.)
3. uncovering and testing concepts
(introduces the programmatic concept from which the design concept will be developed)
4. Determine needs (balance desire of client against budget. this is where wants are seperated from needs)
5. state the problem (statements that the designer and client agree apon as the most important aspects of the problem and provide the basis for the design solution. |
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Term
| Describe the difference between a programmatic concept and the design concept. |
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Definition
| a programmatic concept determines the performance requirements of the problem. eg. r&d employees need a quiet environment to work. sales employees spend most of their time on the phone. the programmatic concept would state that the design should provide for functional separation of the two groups. If this programmatic concept is agreed upon, the design concept would address this in various configurations. |
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Term
| What are the 4 elements of cost? |
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Definition
Quanity, quality, budget, and time.
These elements of cost are used to balance a clients needs with their wants. |
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Term
| at the close of programming, the designer should be able to clearly state the problem to serve as the basis of design and the measure for which the solution can be evaluated. What 4 major considerations should be addressed in this final statement? |
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Definition
1. form
2. function
3. economy
4. time |
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Term
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Definition
| form relates to the existing conditions in the space, the physical and psychological enviroment of the interior, and the quality of construction. |
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Term
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Definition
| function relates to the people using a space, the activities that will be performed there, and the relationship of those spaces to each other. |
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Term
| define economy (as related to the programming stage) |
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Definition
| economy concerns money: the initial costs of the interior, the operational costs, and the life cycle costs. |
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Term
| define time (as related to the programming process) |
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Definition
| time describes the time restraints of the problem, eg the required schedule for construction in relation to the need for expansion. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: priority |
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Definition
| establishes the order of importance of things such as size, position, or social values. eg. budget for reception or customer areas may have higher priority than employee space in order to establish corporate identity. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: hierarchy |
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Definition
| expression of physical symbols of hierarchy. eg, larger offices for managers. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: character |
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Definition
| the desired image the client wants to project...may later be expressed through lighting, furniture, layout that project the character of the client. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: density |
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Definition
| low, medium, or high, relation of how a space, or group of spaces are used to address efficiency or interaction |
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Term
| programmatic concept: service groupings |
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Definition
| service spaces, such as distribution rooms, breakrooms. For example, a law firm may have intensive needs for access to the same information throughout the firm. developing an electronic database or placing sattelite libraries throughout the space are different ways to achieve this goal. |
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Term
| programmatic concept:activity grouping |
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Definition
| states whether activities should be integrated (bundled together) or separated and compartmentalized. eg. compartmentalizing dining areas within a restaurant might create the goal of intimate atmosphere. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: people grouping |
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Definition
| states the degree of massing people in a space. eg. a goal of establishing work teams in an office might lead to a design concept of keeping small groups together in the same physical space. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: home base |
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Definition
| concept of territoriality - a place where a person can maintain his or her individuality |
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Term
| programmatic concept: relationships |
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Definition
includes the affinities of people and activities.
most common of all programmatic concepts. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: communications |
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Definition
| concept states who communicates with who and how they do it with the goal being to promote effective exchange of information and ideas. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: neighbors |
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Definition
| a concept of how the project will promote or prevent sociability and how it will relate to its neighboring spaces. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: accesibility |
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Definition
| making the facility accessible to those with disabilities |
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Term
| programmatic concept: separated flow |
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Definition
| segregating the flow of people...eg, security access to areas of sensitive information |
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Term
| programmatic concept: mixed flow |
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Definition
| promoting interaction among people |
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Term
| programmatic concept: sequential flow |
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Definition
| addresses flow of people and objects where any type of sequential order is needed. eg, people signing in for a training class, then going to the break area for coffee, then class. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: orientation |
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Definition
| providing a point of reference within a space to keep people from feeling lost within a space, eg a lobby |
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Term
| programmatic concept: flexibility |
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Definition
includes 3 components
expandability: how a space could accommodate growth
convertibility: how a space can allow for change in function
versatility: provides for several different activities within a multifunctional space. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: tolerance |
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Definition
| provides for extra space to accommodate additional function in a dynamic space (one that is likely to change). |
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Term
| programmatic concept: safety |
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Definition
| life safety issues, codes generally closely tied to this issue. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: security controls |
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Definition
| addresses how people and property can be protected based on the value of the potential loss - either minimum, medium, or maximum. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: energy conservation |
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Definition
| concepts that aim to reduce the amount of energy consumed through such things as heat control, recycling, etc. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: environmental controls |
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Definition
| addresses the kinds of controls needed to meet human comfort, including air temperature, lighting, sound, and humidity. |
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Term
| programmatic concept: phasing |
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Definition
| determines whether the project needs to be completed in phases to meet time and budget constraints. also sets out whether the schedule is to be based on linear or concurrent scheduling |
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Term
| programmatic concept: cost control |
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Definition
| explores ways to establish a realistic preview of costs and a balanced budget to meet client's available funds. |
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Term
| What basic information should always be included in the final programming document regardless of project size? (3) |
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Definition
1. Statement of goals & objectives. (may include result-orientated goals & functional goals)
2. A list of client requirements (no. of people using the space, activities, adjacencies, furniture & equipment needs, any special lighting, acoustical, electrical needs)
3. A list of spaces and their square footages as a basic starting point for space planning, including an allowance for secondary and circulatory spaces).
Additional/Optional info:
survey of existing conditions, budget requirements, schedule requirements, expansion requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| the measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion in the human body. |
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Term
| define static anthropometrics & dynamic anthropometrics |
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Definition
| static measures the human body at rest, while dynamic measures the body while performing activities |
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Term
| common seating dimensions in a work chair |
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Definition
seat height: 14-18"
seat depth: 15"
back rest height: 7-10" o.c. from seat, and 5-9" high
seat reference plane: 95-105 degrees |
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Term
| common seat dimensions in a general purpose chair |
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Definition
seat height: 16-17"
seat depth: 15"
backrest height: 31"-33"
seat reference plane: 95-105 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the relation between human physiology and the physical environment. |
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Term
| what is the most important aspect of designing a computer station? |
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Definition
| keyboard height. the surface should be between 26 to 28-1/2" high, and adjustable |
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Term
| what is the most important design factor of the selection of a workstation chair? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the primary environmental factors that contribute to human comfort? |
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Definition
| temperature, humidity, air movement, temperature radiation to and from surrounding surfaces, air quality, sound, vibration, and light. |
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Term
| Human body heat loss: convection |
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Definition
| convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (gas or liquid), and occurs when the air temperature around a person is less than the body's skin temperature of around 85 degrees. |
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Term
| Human body heat loss: evaporation |
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Definition
| occurs when moisture changes to vapor as a person perspires or breathes |
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Term
| Human body heat loss: radiation |
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Definition
| the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves from one surface to a colder surface. (the body can lose heat to a cooler atmosphere or a cooler surface) |
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Term
| Human body heat loss: conduction |
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Definition
| the transfer of heat through direct contact between two objects of different temperatures. |
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Term
| what is the sensation of thermal comfort dependent upon? |
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Definition
| the relationship of air temperature, humidity, air movement, and radiation. |
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Term
| thermal comfort: air temperature |
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Definition
| temperature is the primary determining factor in comfort. in general, a comfortable range is between 69 and 80 degrees. a tolerable range is between 60 and 80 degrees. |
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Term
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Definition
| combines the effects of air temperature, humidity, and air movement |
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Term
thermal comfort: relative humidity
what are the comfortable ranges? |
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Definition
| the percentage of moisture in the air compared with the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold without condensing. comfortable ranges are between 30 and 65% |
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Term
| thermal comfort: air movement |
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Definition
| air movement increases evaporation and heat loss. wind speeds of 50 ft to 200 ft per minute are generally acceptable for cooling without being too drafty. |
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Term
| thermal comfort: radiation |
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Definition
| if the surroundings are cooler than the skin temperature of 85 degrees, a person will lose heat through radiation, warmer, the body gains heat. |
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Term
| thermal comfort: mean radiant temperature |
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Definition
(MRT) the weighted average of the various surface temperatures in a room, the angle of the exposure of the occupant to those surfaces, and the prescence of sunlight.
this is an important factor in a cold room - as the temperature drops, the body loses more heat through radiation than evaporation. a room with adequate temperature will feel cool if the surfaces are cool. warming the surfaces with wall hangings are radiant heating panels will counteract this effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| all measurements for human comfort are based on wearing clothing. One Clo is equal to a typical man's business suit |
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation is required to provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, remove odors, and carry away contaminants. building codes specify minimum requirements for ventilation, either through mechanical ventilation or operable windows. |
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Term
| air circulation requirements, general |
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Definition
| building code regulates the amount of fresh, outdoor air that must be circulated in cubic feet per minute. additional exhausting requirements are given in areas such as toilet rooms & kitchens. |
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Term
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Definition
| regulated by code, and either give minimum exhaust rates in cubic feet per minute per sf, or how often a complete air exchange must be made. system must exhaust directly to the outside, none can be recirculated. |
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Term
psychological influences on interiors:
maslow's hierarchy of needs |
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Definition
basic concept that the most basic of needs must be met before a person moves to the next highest level of needs satisfaction, thus creating motivation.
he determined the two groups of human needs: deficiency needs and growth needs. |
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Term
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Definition
humans have a need for
level one: food, water, and minimal bodily comfort.
level two: safety, protection, and avoidance of personal harm
level three: belonging and love
final, level four: self esteem, which includes the need to achieve, be competent, and gain approval and recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
level one: self actualization - developing to the fullest potential as a human being, feeling an appreciation of life.
level two: cognitive need to know and understand
level three: aesthetic need for order and beauty
level four: self transcendence - the need to help others find self fulfillment and connect to something beyond the ego |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular place with definable boundaries and objects in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs. eg. a boardroom where execs meet weekly. |
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Term
define territoriality:
what is it's importance in design? |
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Definition
people's need to lay claim to the spaces they occupy and the things they own. strongly related to the needs for self-identity and freedom of choice.
*environments should allow people to claim territory and make choices about where to be and what activities to engage in. |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with the issues of spacing between people, territoriality, organization of space, and positioning of people in space - relative to their individual cultures. |
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Term
| give an example of proxemics: |
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Definition
| single chairs are preferrable to sofa's. people will sit at two ends of a sofa and leave the middle empty rather than sit close to each other. |
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Term
| what are the four basic proxemic distances that Hall observed? |
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Definition
1. intimate distance - 0-18"
(if forced into this (eg, elevator), people will employ defense mechanisms to minimize the effects of physical contact, such as avoiding eye contact.
2. personal distance - 1-1/2' to 4-1/2'. People will maintain this if given the choice.
3. social distance: 4'-12'
most impersonal interaction (business, work, strangers)
4. public distance: 12' outward
formal situations, allows people to escape if needed |
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Term
| what is the best table shape to foster cooperation? |
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Definition
| round, as a rectangular table naturally establishes the person sitting at the end in a superior position. |
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Term
| in places where informal group interaction occurs, 97% of groups are composed of how many people? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a tenant is interested in LEED, what are some options for building selection? (13) |
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Definition
1. Building is LEED certified.
2. Locate in a brownfield site (not adaptable to a new use or new construction)
3. building has stormwater management system
4. locate in a building that has shade, &/or uses light colored materials
5. in a building with at least 50% underground parking
6. high solar reflectance roof or green roof
7. exterior lighting does not create light pollution
8. recycled or highly efficient irrigation
9. at least 5% of energy is on site renewable
10. walkable community
11. public transportation accessible
12. bicycle storage
13. parking doesn't exceed the min.code count |
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Term
| Programming Checklist: Goals & Objectives (3) |
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Definition
1. purpose for building a new or remodeled interior
2. functional goals
3. aesthetic goals |
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Term
| Programming Checklist:User Requirements (8) |
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Definition
1. Individual users, name/title/position
2. number and function of groups
3. user is full time or public user
4. number of people at present, move in, and future
5. job descriptions of user
6. user characteristics (age, special needs)
7. personal preferences (colors, special interests)
8. location of user or activity space |
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Term
| Programming Checklist: Activity Requirements (12) |
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Definition
1. primary activity
2. secondary activity
3. nature of activity (physical movement, workflow)
4. time of day or night
5. frequency of activity
7. part time activities (conference, copy, reception)
8. group activities? small or large?
9. visitors
10. any shared activities?
11. special environmental requirements for the activities? lighting, sound control...
12. security for activities? |
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Term
| Programming Checklist: Furnishings & Equipment (9) |
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Definition
1. types required
2. moved or purchase new
3. sizes, inventory
4. communication equipment, specs
5. storage types and amounts
6. electrical & mechanical requirements of equipment
7. style, color, quality, ergo needs
8. display space
9. av equipment |
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Term
| Programming Checklist: Space Requirements by Area & SF (3) |
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Definition
1. space required by activity areas, people & equipment
2. space requirements determined by equipment alone (server room)
3. non assigned space - corridors, storage rooms,etc |
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Term
| Programming Checklist: Time & Money Requirements (3) |
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Definition
1. Budget broken into construction, furnishings, equipment, taxes, contingency, etc.
2. life cycle cost analysis
3. move in deadline, phasing requirements |
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Term
| what are the different ways of information gathering? (4) |
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Definition
1. client interviews (both management, and non management)
2. questionnaires
3. observation
4. field surveys |
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Term
| what type of information should be gathered in a field survey? (14) |
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Definition
1. size & configuration of existing building
2. cabinetry and built ins
3. locations & sizes of doors & windows
4. types and heights of ceilings
5. power/data locations
6. diffusers, radiators
7. lighting types & locations
8. conditions and capacities of electrical/mechanical systems
9. general conditions of construction
10.location of true north
11. views from windows
12. noise problem locations
13. special architectural features
14. potential environmental problems (asbestos...) |
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Term
| Methods of field measurement (10) |
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Definition
1. tape measure
2. line of site sonic device (limited range)
3. electro-magnet distance measurement (EDM), laser based, requires 2 people, very accurate
4. reflectorless EDM - less precise, similiar to sonic device
5. rectified photography for building facades (can be set parallel to building facade)
6. orthophotography - similiar to rectified, but digital and has some optical distortion
7. photogammetry - using photography and associated software
8. sterophotogammetry - overlapping photos can be used to create 3D drawings - requires trained techs
9. convergent photogammetry - multiple photos are put together, measurements still required of reference points
10. laser scanning - accurate, builds a points based model that then is edited with software to build model |
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