Term
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Definition
| Intergrated metabolism is designed for ___ of blood glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| All cells can use ___ based on availability of others fuels. Not all cells use it, again based on availability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidation is regulated by energy needs on a ___ by ___ basis |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage and mobilization is primarily regulated by the opposing hormones ___ & ___ |
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Term
| decreased, glycogenolysis |
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Definition
| In a fasting (post-absorptive state) I/G ratio is ____ . This promotes ____ |
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Term
| liver, glucagon receptors |
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Definition
| glycogenolysis only takes place in the ___, not muscle because muscle does not contain ___ ___ |
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Term
| GP (glycogen Phosphorylase) and inhibits GS (glycogen synthase) |
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Definition
| When I/G ratios decrease, this stimulates ___ and inhibits ___, mobilizes glycogen releasing glucose to the blood |
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Term
| glycogen storage, 18-24 hrs |
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Definition
| Glycogenolysis is limited to size of ___ ___; have enough stored glucose for _____hrs |
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Term
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Definition
| In glycogenolysis, and GP/GS are regulated by _____; happens very fast and very sensitive to needs of body |
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Term
| Lipolysis, HSL (hormone-stimulated lipase) |
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Definition
| In a fasting (post-absorptive) state, ___ occurs. The decrease in I/G ratio stimulates ___ in adipose tissue. |
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Term
| NEFA (non-esterfied fatty acids) & glycerol, NEFA, oxidation, brain |
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Definition
| In lipolysis, there is a release of ___ & ___ from triglycerides into the blood (NEFAs bound to albumin). ___ accumulation in the blood increases ___ by most aerobic tissues except the ____ |
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Term
| glucose, brain, anaerobic |
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Definition
| In lipolysis, the NEFA oxidation by some tissues (ie. heart)decreases the overall demand of ___. This spares the glucose for the ____ and all ___ tissues (ie RBC's, renal medulla) |
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Term
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Definition
| In lipolysis, ___ is released and travels through the blood to the liver so it can be used as a carbon source for gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| During a fasting state (post-absorptive) the decrease in I/G ratio shifts the equilibrium toward protein ___ |
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Term
| degraded, urea, urine, oxidized for energy, gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
| During protein degradation, amino acids enter the pool and excess amino acids are ___. Ammonia is converted to ___(in the liver) and filtered into ___(in the kidneys). The carbon skeletons are ___ for ____ or used as a carbon source for ____ |
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Term
| Liver, 3 enzymes are: glucose 6 phosphatase, fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
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Definition
| Gluconeogenesis takes place in the ___. It reverses most enzymes in ___; with the exception of the 3 that are irreversible. What are those 3 enzymes? |
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Term
| Lactate from anaeorbic glycolysis, certain amino acids from protein degradation, and glycerol from lipolysis |
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Definition
| What are 3 carbon sources for gluconeogenesis accumulate in the liver under decreased I/G conditions? |
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Term
| RBC's, muscle, and renal medulla |
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Definition
| In gluconegenesis, under anaerobic glycolysis, where is lactate from from ? 3 places |
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Term
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Definition
| In gluconeogenesis, certain amino acids undergo protein degradation. This takes place in ___ cells, particularly ___ as a major source of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| In gluconeogenesis, glycerol from lipolysis is derived from ___ ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ are needed to bypass the 3 irreversible steps, they are increased under decreased I/G conditions |
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Term
| accumulation, synthesis, reverse |
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Definition
| Gluconeogenesis is a slow process due to the ___ of carbon sources and the protein ___ needed to ____ glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is dephosphorylated and ___ is released to the blood for other tissues to use |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of ketone body metabolism takes place in the ___, where it is oxidized by any ___ cells, except the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, during the reversal of glycolysis during glucneogenesis, ___ is diverted away from the TCA cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, the liver ___ NEFA's for energy during ___ conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, ___ can not enter the TCA cycle without OAA, so ___ begins to build up in the liver. |
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Term
| acetoacetate & beta-hydroxybutyrate |
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, excess acetyl CoA is converted into ketone bodies. They are ____ & ___-____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, some ketone bodies breakdown into ___ which is volatile and expired by the ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, ketone bodies are released by the __ into the blood and are __ by any aerobic cell, including the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, during oxidaiton of aerobic cells, ketone bodies are converted back to ___ and enter the TCA cycle |
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Term
| Ketone body metabolism , OAA, ketone bodies |
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Definition
| ___ ___ __ is a slow process to develop as it follows the onset of gluconeogenesis. As ___ is diverted in the liver, Acetyl CoA begins to accumulate and ___ __ are formed. |
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Term
| blood glucose, glucose, breakdown |
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Definition
| In ketone body metabolism, the availability of ketone bodies in the blood reduces the need for __ __. The decreased need for ___ by ketone bodies reduces the ___ of protein, which spares the protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a fed state, (postprandial) I/G ratios ___. This is usually a mixed meal containing carbohydrates, fats, and protein digested and absorbed. |
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Term
| glucose, portal vein, stored or oxidized |
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Definition
| In a fed state, carbs are converted to __; enter the __ __ and travel to the liver where glucose is either ___ or ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| As glucose passes through the liver and circulates to the pancreas it stimulate an increase in ___ |
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Term
| GS, GP, glycogen synthesis |
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Definition
| An increase in I/G stimulates __ and inhibits __ in the liver and muscle. This increases __ __ |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in I/G inhibits ____ (decreased carbon sources, decreased enzymes) |
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Term
| muscle and adipose tissue |
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Definition
| An increase in I/G glucose uptake via glut 4 in ___ & ___ ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| In a fed state when glucose is taken up into muscle it is either ___ if needed or stored as ___ |
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Term
| oxidized, glycerol backbone |
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Definition
| In a fed state when glucose is taken up into adipose tissue it is either ___ if needed, or used as an intermediate as a ___ ___ for TG synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| In a fed state, __ are packaged into chylomicrons; they enter the ___ (not the portal vein) and eventually into general circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| In a fed state with fats, the ___ on the chylomicrons, stimulates lipolysis by LPL as the chylomicron passes adipose tissue and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| In a fed state with fats, fatty acids are transported into adipocytes and are re-esterfied to ___ ___ from glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the TG's stored in adipose tissue originate from __ __ |
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Term
| portal vein, oxidized, need, protein synthesis |
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Definition
| In a fed state with protein, the absorbed amino acids enter the __ __ and travel to the liver where they are ___ for energy based on __ used for __ __. |
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Term
| energy, need, protein synthesis |
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Definition
| In a fed state with proteins, when amino acids are not needed by the liver, it passes through and taken up by other cells where they are used for ___ based on __ or used for __ __ |
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Term
| DNL (De Novo Lipogenesis) |
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Definition
| In a fed state, the process where excess energy as glucose or amino acids can be converted to fatty acids is known as ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| DNL (De Novo Lipogenesis) can occur in the __ and __ __ |
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Term
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Definition
| During DNL, acetyl CoA is transported to the ___ and used as a building block for FA synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| During DNL, malonyl CoA blocks ___,so the newly synthesized FA does not enter the ___ and is not ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| In DNL, FA is esterified to ___ ___ to form TG's |
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Term
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Definition
| In DNL, TG's are packaged into VLDL and sent to adipose tissue for __ |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence has shown that ___ contributes minimally to the fat that is stored in adipose tissue. Extreme intake over many days can lead to ____, but not significant under most conditions. High __ intake does promote storage of "dietary" fat in adipose tissue. |
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