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| is gram positive soil bacterium, industrial workhorse produces proteases, riboflavin and fungicide. Has a powerful genetic system. Naturally competent, has the ability to take up free DNA from the environment sporulation cascade of alpha factors. Developmental process the spore is metabolically dormant. Resistant to heat, desiccation and radiation do to endospores formation. |
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| soil bacterium legume symbiotic fixes nitrogen in nodules different legumes form symbioses with different bacteria. Bacteroid does not grow and plant gets nitrogen bacterium gets carbon cell to cell communication. plant root sends flavanoid signal to attract Sinorhizobium Sinorhizobium sends signal “Nod factor” back to plant. Signals are specific for both plant and bacterium. Ensures proper recognition between partners. Sinorhizobium-Plant Symbiosis, the Sinorhizobium inside the plant does not grow. The bacteriods inside the plant make rhizopines that crossfeed Sinorhizobium growing outside of the plant. |
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| --is cyanobacterium has the ability of fixing carbon and nitrogen forms heterocysts to protect nitrogenase oxygenic photosynthesis. Chromatic adaptation photosynthetic pigments change in response to light color. In green light makes green absorbing pigment. RcaE/C does nothing. In red light makes red absorbing pigments. RcaC is phosphorylated, binds to DNA. Activates red pigments and represses green pigments. Why does Fremyella change its pigments? Some colors penetrate farther in water than others. When would it “see” green versus red light? copetion from other photosynthetic organisms (chlorophyll uses up all red light). |
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| Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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Definition
| is plant pathogen and creates tumors or galls. Transfers Ti plasmid to plant by conjugation. Ti plasmid directs production of 1) growth hormone and 2) octopine synthesis Genetic engineering of plants Agrobacterium transfers the Ti plasmid to the plant by conjugation. 2) The Ti plasmid is recombined into the plant chromosome. 3) Plant expresses Ti genes: Growth horomone to multiply -octopine biosynthesis genes 4) Agrobacterium feeds on the octopines!!! |
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| is gram positive diplococci that infects the lung. Most deaths from flu virus come from secondary infection by S. pneumoniae. Natural transformation system, makes Com machinery. Antigenic variation makes up to 90 different capsule structures. Variation: many capsules to evade immune system! Mimicry: Some capsules look like host cell sugars! |
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| causes Bubonic plague. Black Death 1347-1351 killed ~30% of European Population. Carried between rodents and people by fleas. Wide variety of virulence factors encoded on plasmids. Injects toxins directly to the host. Has Type III secretion system needle complex ~10 Toxins are directly injected into host cells. Antigens on toxins are never exposed to immune system. |
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| mistaken for a eukaryotic fungus a gram positive soil bacterium linear chromosome hyphal growth, cell division is rare multiple chromosomes per cell developmental cycle sporulation polypeptide antibiotic. |
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| is a soil bacterium that is mistaken for a eukaryote due to complex multicellular behavior. Have gliding motility: a mobile biofilm! Only eats amino acids predator of other bacteria multicellular fruiting bodies sporulation makes antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs. |
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| is not a bacterium extremely halophilic and desiccation resistant uses very simple photosystem and has simple proton pump directly coupled to the light absorption. Has the same photo-pigment found in the human eye. Does not use electron transport chain all it need is light to driven proton pumping |
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| Geobacter metallireducens |
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Definition
| is gram negative soil bacterium consumes sugars like glucose, anaerobic respiration, respires iron, uranium and technetium. Important bioremediation, consumes these radioactive elements and help clean our environment by breaking down these unwanted metals. Uses respiration system and ETC has pili that conduct electrons and biofuel cells such as to use bacteria as a mini battery. The first organism found to oxidize organic compounds to carbon dioxide with iron oxides as the electron acceptor. |
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| Cloistridium acetylbutylicum |
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Definition
| is gram positive, soil bacterium has the ability of producing endospore forming anaerobe and flexiable heterotroph and eat unusual substrates like dynamite (TNT). Ferments sugars to acetone and butanol improved fermentation by heat-shocking to select for spore formers. Critical allied resource in World War I and possible biofuel source. |
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| causes most common sexually transmitted disease in the US also this organism is intracellular pathogen, that grows inside of human cells and it cannot make its own ATP therefor cannot be cultured in the lab. Their life cycle alternates between two cell types. |
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| Bdellovibro bacteriovorus |
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Definition
| is a tiny bacterium, intracellular predator of gram negative bacteria. Has the ability to pull into the periplasm with type IV pili then solidifies host outer membrane and turns prey into growth chamber by lyses host cytoplasmic membrane this might be useful in bacterial control infects periplasm this organism does not use binary fission and multiple simultaneous cell division. |
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| isolated from an irradiated can of meat extremely radiation resistant it can tolerate up to 5,00,000 radiation compare to human tolerance 100 radiation. Has multiple chromosomes and cell division their nucleoid is compacted into torus the radiation creates water radicals that break the chromosome into pieces having multiple chromosomes provide many copies to correctly reassembly. This organism is also desiccation resistant. |
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| is an environmental bacterium that grows in extremely diluted water, has a prosthecum stalk. During nutrient starvation stalk elongates “transport antenna” has the world strongest glue “holdfast” (EPS). Has asymmetric cell division each division produces two different cell types. Their life cycle the same stalk cell produces multiple swimmers. |
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| is a causative agent of Lyme disease, the disease is a tick-borne human pathogen. Has a linear chromosome and this organism doesn’t require iron and has endo flagellum to rotates cell in order to push through viscous environment. |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
| is number one infectious bacterial pathogen, infects the lung. Its responsible for at least 3 million death every year. This is an ancient disease consumption has unusual cell architecture and rough colonies with very thick waxy cuticle. And has very unusual capsule two EPS layers with a unique “mycolic acid” lipid layer between them. Resistant to many antibiotics, acids, base, osmotic damage, oxygen radicals and immune system. But it grows very slowly and all the defenses have a cost they reduce diffusion and lower growth rate |
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| Magnetospirillum magnetotactum |
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Definition
storage granules composed of magnetite Fe3O4
Surrounded by a membrane thought to be organelles.
Used to orient motility toward magnetic field direction
They are member of invaginations as they are not completely surrounded by membrane. |
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causes walking pneumonia this is among the smallest bacteria. The smallest of all has about 500 genes
has no peptidoglycan may substitute with cholesterol and an endoskeleton. Attachment of organelle binds to surfaces/tissues cytoskeleton uses cholesterol stabilizes membranes eukaryotes and uses cholesterol to buffer membrane fluidity. Cholesterol can either increase or decrease molecular space however cholesterol in bacteria is very rare |
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| is the most studied bacterium ever, provides powerful genetic system. A type K12 with no pili is harmless symbiotic in human gut and instrumental in molecular biology. However “0157:H7” with pili is very dangerous pathogen that emerged very recent. They are very identical 16s rRNA but their chromosomes only similar 75%. |
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| is a gut symbiotic of surgeon fish this is very large organism that is million times larger than E. coli. Because of its size this bacteria is visible to the naked eye. It was thought to be eukaryotic cell. Looked like it had organelles, but the advantage of 16s rRNA sequencing proved it was large bacterium. This organism cannot be cultured in the lab do to for its larger sized. Has very unusual cell division, the new daughter cell grow inside of mother cell then mother cells are killed when daughters are released. |
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| is a marine bacterium that is symbiotic with squid and the bacterium feeds on squid. The bacterium emits light using an enzyme called luciferase that produces light at only higher cell density. The squid uses this bacterium for hunting during the moonlight at night. other predators will not able to detect the squid because the bacteria is under the squid stomach emitting light downward and other predators will not able to see the shadow. |
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