Term
| What did Charles Spearman believe? |
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Definition
Argued for a single-factor solution, referring to this factor as g for general intelligence (intelligence that underpins all of your actions).
o Thus, how well a person does on a particular test will reflect not just their specific ability or aptitude on that test, but also how much general ability they have.
o Believes IQ mostly depends on your g
o All have g general intelligence, and various elements of s specific intelligence |
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Term
| Subdivisions of g by Cattle and Horn |
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Definition
Fluid Intelligence and Crystallised Intelligence
- Sometimes act together e.g. situation: don’t have eggs to cook pancakes with; fluid: find an ingredient around the house that may work to replace egg; crystalised: may know a good ingredient from previous recipes |
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Term
| Fluid Intelligence meaning |
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Definition
| Concerned with ability to solve novel problems, deal with novel situations etc. E.g. camp activity where you have to figure out a way to make a tent with only certain materials |
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Term
| Crystallised intelligence meaning |
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Definition
| Concerned with ability to use previous learning and experience to deal with future, similar situations. E.g. driving in a new car |
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Term
| Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence differences |
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Definition
o Fluid intelligence appears to peak in early adulthood, whereas crystallised intelligence may continue to rise with age.
o Drugs and alcohol may have markedly greater effect on fluid intelligence than crystallised. Novel situations cannot be performed as highly. E.g. people who are drunk are able to drive but cannot pick up a completely new task
o Able to maintain expertise in things they have previously done with crystallised intelligence, but fail to present expertise in when requiring fluid intelligence
o Develop at different rates of your childhood. Fluid peaks in 20s whereas, may start to decline as age happens. crystallised intelligence keeps growing through age as it gets built upon.
Thus, it may be useful to use single measures like IQ when assessing an individual’s ability, but more helpful to divide different aspects of performance in understanding nature of intelligence. |
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Term
| Carroll’s three-stratum model |
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Definition
Top strata is g, general intelligence
Second strata includes fluid and crystallized intelligence with 6 other broad abilities.
Third strata includes 69 specific abilities. |
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Term
| Howard Gardner (9 forms of intelligence) |
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Definition
1. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence – ability to engage body movement
2. Existential intelligence – ability to address the questions of our existence, the big questions
3. Interpersonal intelligence – ability to understand other people
4. Intrapersonal intelligence – ability to understand oneself
5. Linguistic intelligence – ability to use language well
6. Logical-mathematical intelligence – ability to manipulate abstract symbols
7. Musical intelligence – ability to compose and understand music
8. Naturalist intelligence – ability to observe the world around you, and make decisions to what is around you
9. Spatial intelligence – ability to reason well about spatial tasks (e.g. ability to read a map, mind map/geographical knowledge etc.) |
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Term
| Critiques of Garner’s intelligence |
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Definition
- Some are easier to test i.e. mathematical intelligence is easier to test than existential intelligence
- Some argue that some of these are not real intelligence, maybe more talents and activities |
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Term
| Gardner's Argument on why each intelligence is seperate from the other |
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Definition
- Specific brains relate to certain types of intelligence. When scanning, certain areas will spark up when getting asked on mathematical equations compared to musical questions.
- Head injury can impact the ability to do some things and not others, so the fact that it you can impair one type of intelligence and keep the others intact indicates that they are different types of intelligence
- They develop at different speeds e.g. children at age of two tend to develop linguistic intelligence while they do not have developed mathematical intelligence
- Some people have specific intelligences at extremes.
- Most professions require a different types of intelligence
- Can characterise people but their profile of intelligence. |
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Term
| Robert Sternberg (3 forms of intelligence) |
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Definition
1. Analytic intelligence – Relates to how a person processes and analyzes information.(ability to write clearly, do maths, ability to read)
2. Practical intelligence – Relates to how you react to your environment and your ability to adapt to it or change it to suit your needs (Rely on implicit memory and learned responses. Know how to do it without having to research)
3. Creative intelligence – Relates to the way a person approaches new information or a new task. You may also hear creative intelligence referred to as experiential intelligence. It involves a person's ability to apply their existing knowledge to new problems.(Ability to formulate novel solutions to occurrences you have not encountered before) |
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Term
| Robert Sternberg (3 forms of intelligence) Comments |
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Definition
- Measures of practical intelligence are better indicators of how well a person will do in a job
- Practical intelligence is largely distinct from analytical intelligence
- Creative intelligence is distinct from traditional intelligence (different things). However, this does require a certain amount of traditional intelligence to be able to engage in creative intelligence |
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