Integumentary System

(chapter 5)

What are the Components?

What are the Functions? 

Components:

Skin and structures derived from it, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

Functions:

Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth and cold. 

Skeletal System

What are the Components?

What are its Functions?

Components:

Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.

Functions:

Supports and protects the body; provides a surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats) 

Muscular System

What are its Components?

What are its functions? 

 Components:

Muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue, so-named because t is usually attached to bones.

Functions:

Produces body movements, such as walking; stablizes body position (posture); generates heat. 

Nervous System

What are its Components?

What Are its Functions? 

Components:

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears

Functions:

Generates action potentials(nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body's internal and external enviornment, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. 

Endrocrine System

What are its Components?

 Components:

Horomone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalumus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and horomone producing cells in several other organs

Functions:

Regulates body activities by releasing horomones, which are chemical messangers transported in blood from ann endocrine gland to a target organ. 

Cardiovascular System

What are it's Components?

What are its Functions?

Components:

Blood, heart and blood vessels

Functions: 

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carrie oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes aways from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperatur, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease blood vessels

Lymphatic System

What are it's Components?

What are it's Functions? 

Components:

Lymphatic fluid and vessels, also includes spleen, thymus, lymph, nodes and nostrils

Functions:

Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointenstinal tract to blood;  includes structres where lymphocytesthat protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate.

Superior

 Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Intermediate

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Proximal

Distal 

Superficial

Deep 

Superior= toward the head, upper part of structure: head is __ to liver.

 Inferior=away from the head, or lower part of structure:stomach _ lungs

Medial=near the midline: ulna is medial to the radius

Lateral=farther from the midline: lungs_ heart

Intermediate=between two structures: transver colon_ascneding and descending colons

Ipsilateral=same side as another structure: gallbladder and ascending colon are __

Contralateral=opposite sides of body: asc. and desc.colons are__

Distal =Farther from attachment of a limb to eht trunk; farther from the origination of a structure: Phalanges are __ to the carpals

Superficial=toward or on the surface of body: ribs are __ to the lungs

Deep =away from the surface: ribds are __ to the skin of the chest and back

Body Cavities

what are they?

Cranial cavity, Vertebral Cavity, Thoracic Cavity, Diaphram, Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity

Chapter 2

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides:

The Simple Sugars 

monosaccharides

disaccharides

Monosaccharides:simple sugar: the monomers of carbohydrates contain from 3-7 carbon atoms. mono./3 carbons are called trioses.
 

Disaccharides:2 mono. molec. can combine by dehydration to form on disaccharide and a molec of water.

Polysaccharides

The 3rd major group of carbohydrates in the polysaccharides.

Each molec. contains tens or hundreds of mono. joined through dehydration synthesis reactions.

 *INSOLUBLE in water and not sweet

Main polysac. in human is glycogen.(made of glucose monomers linked to one another in branching chains)

Cellulose is a polysacca. found in plants that can't be digested by humans but helps eliminate feces.

they are large molec. that contain carbon hydrogen oxygen, and nitrogen.

Other "pros" work as motors to drive muscle contraction. 

Antibodies are proteins that defend agains invading microbes.  table 2.8

Functions of Proteins

Structural

 Regulatory

Contractile

Immunological

Transport

Catalytic 

Structural=Form structural framework of various parts of the body

Regulatory=functions as horomones that regulate various physiological processes;control growth and development; as neurotransmitters, mediate repsonses o the nervouse system.

Contractile=Allow shortening of muscle cells , which produce movement.

Immunological=Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens

Transport=carry vital substances throughout body

Catalytic=Act as enxymes that regulate biochemical reactions

different

types

of

lipids 

essential fatty acids

phospholipids

 Eicosanoids=lipids derived from a 20 carbon faty acid ca,,ed arachidonic acid.

-subclasses

i)Prostaglandins=modify response to horomones, contribute to inflammatory response, prevent stmach ulcers, dilate airways to lungs, regulate temperature, and influence formation of blood clots

ii) Leukotrienes=  participates in allergicx and inflammitory responses.

Transport across the Plasma Membrane

transport of materials acrss the plas. mem. is essential to the life of a cell. Certain substances must move into the cell to support metabolic reactions. Other substancestat have been produced by the cell for export or as cellular waste products must move out the cell.

*substances move via transport processes that can be classified as active or pasive, depending on whether they require cellular energy. In passive processes, a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane. *ENERGY IS IN FOR OF ATP.