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| Skeletal System - Anatomy (4) |
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Definition
| Bones, Cartilage, ligaments, joints |
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Term
| Skeletal System - Physiology |
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Definition
-supports the body
-protects vital organs
-provides movement by giving leverage through muscle attachments
-Hemopoiesis - blood cell formation
-stores fats in yellow bone marrow
stores vital minerals (calcium, carbonate, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium) |
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| covers the articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage) |
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Sweat- 98% water 2% solid
Urine- 96% water 4% solid |
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| Sunlight converts precursor molecules to activate vitamin D for calcium and phosphate absorption |
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| 3 cells found in epidermis |
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Definition
1)Keratinocytes
2)Melanocytes
3)Langerhans cells |
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Definition
| Provides Melanin (skin pigment, eye color, and hair color) |
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| 5 layers of epidermal skin |
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Definition
1) Stratum Corneum
2) Stratum Lucidum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Spinosum
5) Stratum Germinativum |
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| Deepest layer of epidermis - undergoes continuous cell division and generates all other layers |
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| Outer most layers of epidermis - once cells reach this layers they are dead |
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Term
| Epiphysis (of a long bone) |
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Definition
-2 ends of a long bone
-articular Cartilage
-Metaphysis
-Depending on bone's age either contains: Epiphyseal plate - embryo
or Epiphyseal Line - Adult |
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Definition
| tough membrane that interconnects select bones "interosseous membrane" |
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Definition
hollow space in the center of the diaphysis, of a long bone
-Contains Yellow Marrow
-Haversian Canals- minute vascular canals that run longitudinally through bone
-Volkmann's Canals - canals that connect the Haversian canals running horizontal throughout the bone |
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| contains the growth portion of the bone (where epiphysis and diaphysis meet) |
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| Deep pressure and vibration; proprioception |
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| light touch and discriminative touch |
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| light touch receptors of hair movement |
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| discriminatory touch, low-frequency vibration, cooler temperatures |
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-Deep or continuous pressure
-Detects high range of temperatures |
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-most numerous, widespread, and important of the sweat glands
-produce sweat rich in salts, ammonia, uric acid, urea and other wastes |
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| located deep in the subcutaneous layer in axillary regions, areola of breast, pigmented skin around anus |
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| Discriminates light vs. deep pressure |
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| the pouch like structures in the skin from which hair grows |
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| Muscles that pull hair upright |
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| Oil Glands - secrete sebum, a mixture of triglycerides, waxes, fatty acids, and cholesterol - massage stimulates sebum protection |
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Sweat Glands - secrete sweat
- regulate temperature and eliminate waste |
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Definition
offers support to the nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands.
-makes up 70% of the dermis |
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Term
| How is scar tissue formed? |
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Definition
Fibroblasts in the dermis quickly reproduce and begin forming a dense collection of new connective tissue, when the dermis is injured
-Collection of new connective tissue = scar tissue |
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Term
| 2 other names for Subcutaneous Layer |
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Definition
-Hypodermis
-Superficial Fascia |
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Term
| 4 factors that contribute to skin color |
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Definition
-Melanin
-Amount of oxygen in capillaries
-Presence of bilirubin
-Presence of carotene |
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Definition
Epidermal layer that is only present in the feet and hands
-thick layer of skin - contains keratized cells |
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Definition
Prickly/sticky layer of the epidermis
-bonds and is the transitional layer between the stratum germinativum and stratum granulosum
-contains cells from both layers |
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-contains an accumulation of keratin granules
-this layer is 3-5 cells deep, depending on thickness of the skin
-first of layers to begin drying of tissues |
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| Originate in bone marrow but migrate to deeper layers of the epidermis in early life. Together with t cells, they trigger immune reactions in certain pathological conditions |
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| -filled with an extremely tough, fibrous protein called keratin |
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| provides protection by waterproofing the skin's surface |
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| specialized cells in skin, called Langerhans cells, attach to and destroy pathogens |
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| touch, pain, temperature, pressure |
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| body temperature regulation |
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Definition
blood circulation through skin is a major component
-evaporation of sweat helps to keep you cool |
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Definition
| physical, biological, and chemical barrier - protects from infection and UV rays - water proof |
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Definition
Absorbs fat, fat-soluble vitamins, salts
-Medicated transdermal patches are based on skin absorption |
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| Intracartilaginous Ossification |
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Definition
| begins from cartilage (bones of extremities) |
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| releases calcium into blood stream |
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Definition
fulcrum in the center on the bottom
Example: cranium on vertebrae |
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fulcrum and effort on bottom with resistance on top
Example: rising up on your toes |
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fulcrum off to one side with resistance and effort on top and on the other side
Example: Flexing the elbow |
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Definition
lever -> bone
Fulcrum -> Joint
Resistance -> Weight
Effort -> Muscular Contraction |
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| Rods that are moved by a fulcrum (to set in motion resistance and effort must act on it) |
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| Osseous tissue Classification (2 types) |
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Definition
1) Spongy Bone- lighter
- center of long bones and short flat bones
2) Compact bone - denser
- made up of calcium and phosphate
- provides protection and support |
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Term
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| Bone Development -Replacing of pre-existing connective tissue with osseous connective tissue 1)Intramembranous - bone formation from membranes (roof and sides of skull) 2)Intracartilaginous - begins with cartilage (bones of extremities) |
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| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
| bone formation from membranes (roof and sides of skull) |
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Term
| Diaphysis (of a long bone)and 3 parts |
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Definition
-long cylindrical shaft of the bone
Diaphysis is made up of:
1)Medullary Cavity
2)Periosteum
3)Interosseous Ligament |
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| How many bones are in the upper and lower limbs? |
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Definition
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| How many bones are in the shoulder (pectoral) girdle? |
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Definition
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| How many bones are in the pelvic girdle? |
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Definition
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| How many bones are in the vertebral column? |
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Definition
| 26 in adults; 31-33 in embryo |
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| How many bones are in the skull? |
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Definition
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| What are the 5 classifications of bones? |
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Definition
| Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
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Term
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Definition
Longer than wide
Examples: humerous, radius, femur, tibia |
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| Small and cubical, contain multiple articulating surfaces such as the carpals and tarsals |
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broad flat surfaces for muscle attachment
Examples: ribs, scapula, sternum, certain skull bones |
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catch all category for bones that don't fit in other categories
Examples: cranial bones, facial bones, vertebrae, and hyoid bone |
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small, round bones that are embedded in certain tendons
Example: patella |
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| small rounded projection on a bone for muscle attachment |
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Definition
| Large rounded projection on a bone for muscle attachment |
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| a place for muscle attachment, usually at the end of a bone |
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| a sharp process on a bone for muscle attachment |
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| a hole or opening in a bone |
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| a large rounded prominence at the end of a bone, usually where 2 bones articulate |
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| Flat surface located on the front or back of a bone |
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| A long ridge on or along a bone, usually associated with the pelvis |
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| A very large projection found only on the femur |
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Definition
| Projections found only in the ankle |
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Term
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Definition
| prominent rounded projection of the proximal end of a bone, usually articulating |
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Term
| What are the functions of bones? |
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Definition
Protection of vital tissues and organs
Support to maintain posture
Movement by serving as attachment sites for muscles
Storage for minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
Hemopoiesis (blood cell formation) |
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Definition
| Minute vascular canals that run LONGITUDINALLY through the bone, allow blood cells to enter the general ciculation |
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Definition
| connect to the Haversian canals, run HORIZOTALLY through bone, allow blood cells to enter the general circulation |
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| fibrous, dense, vascular tissue sheath that surrounds the diaphysis. It is the bone's life support system, containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and bone forming cells |
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