1. During normal pregnancy, the following changes occurs: a). Plasma angiotensin II and plasma aldosterone levels decline

b). The blood pressure rises

c). The arterial hematocrit falls.

d). The GFR falls

e). Plasma osmolarity increases.

2. A midterm pregnant woman has the following changes in her test results compared with her non-pregnant values taken 9 months earlier. Which should of the following changes should cause concern? a). A fall in plasma protein concentration.

b). A fall in plasma Na concentration.

c). A fall in plasma bicarbonate

d). An increase in plasma creatinine.

3. Which of the following conditions would lead to chronic plasma volume expansion, continual renal sodium retention and decreases in blood pressure.

a). A normal 85 year old exposed to a low sodium diet.

b). Normal pregnancy

c). A salt sensitive individual when exposed to a high salt diet.

d). Hyperaldosteronism.

e). Advanced chronic kidney disease.

4. Which of the following is the major determinant of the increase in VO2max that occurs with regular aerobic exercise training?

a. an increase in maximal heart rate

b. skeletal muscle hypertrophy

c. an increase in stroke volume

d. a decrease in percent body fat

e. an increase in lung volume

5. During treadmill exercise of moderate intensity, which of the following cardiovascular variables will be closest to its maximum value?

a. Heart rate

b. Intestinal blood flow

c. Capillary perfusion pressure in the legs

d. Stroke volume

e. Leg blood flow

6. Which of the following would be expected in a seventy-year-old patient with reduced aortic compliance?

a. Increased capillary filtration.

b. Increased pulse pressure.

c. Reduced capillary filtration.

d. Decreased pulse pressure.

7. All of the following will increase oxygen delivery to the tissues EXCEPT for

a) increased heart rate

b) increased Hb saturation

c) increased Hb concentration

d) decreased PaO2

8. Which of the following responses to stress most likely to result in truncal obesity and ultimately result in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

a) epinephrine

b) norepinephrine

c) acetylcholine

d) cortisol

e) aldosterone

9. Which variable is most associated with increased risk of stroke and other conditions in later life that can cause premature death?

a) fetal heart rate

b) fetal blood pressure

c) maternal body weight

d) newborn body weight

e) newborn blood glucose concentration

10. Three patients have been referred to you due to the extensive amount of fatigue that they experience during exercise. You suspect that they may have a metabolic disorder so you conduct a treadmill test. As expected all subjects were observed to have a very low VO2max, but Subject 1 and Subject 2 did not show an increase in RER or blood lactate levels during the test. Just to double check, you ask Subject 1 and Subject 2 to redo the test 5 minutes later. Whereas the results are the same with Subject 1, Subject 2 now shows a dramatic increase in VO2, blood lactate, and RER. Which metabolic disorder best characterizes Subject 2?

A.) Leigh's Syndrome (Mitochondrial Defect)

B.) Tarui's disease; GSD 7 (PFK M Absent)

C.) McArdle's; GSD 5 (Phosphorylase deficiency)