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INTB FINAL
key terms
65
Business
Undergraduate 1
04/25/2011

Additional Business Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Timing of entry
Definition
When a business enters a foreign market; said to be early when it does so before other firms, and late when it does so after other businesses have already established themselves.
Term
First-Mover Advantages
Definition
Advantages accruing to firms that enter markets early
Term
First-Mover disadvantages
Definition
Disadvantages affecting early entrants to a foreign market
Term
Pioneering Costs
Definition
Costs an early entrant has to bear that a later entrant can avoid
Term
Exporting
Definition
Selling goods and service to entities in another country
Term
Turnkey Project
Definition
A project in which a firm agrees to set up an operating plant for a foreign client and hand over the "Key" when the plant is fully operational.
Term
Licensing Agreement
Definition
Arrangement in which a licensor grants the rights to intangible property to the licensee for a specified period and receives a royalty fee in return
Term
Franchising
Definition
A specialized form of licensing in which the franchiser not only sells intangible property (normally a trademark) to the franchisee, but it also insists that the franchisee agree to abide by strict rules as to how it does business.
Term
Joint Venture
Definition
Establishing a firm that is jointly owned by two or more otherwise independent firms
Term
Wholly Owned Subsidiary
Definition
A subsidiary in which the firm owns 100 percent of the stocks
Term
Sogo shosha
Definition
Japanese trading houses that seek to make export sales for their affiliated companies.
Term
Export Management Company
Definition
Export specialists that act as an export marketing or international department for their client firms
Term
Letter of Credit
Definition
Document issued by a bank indicating that it will make payments to a beneficiary upon presentation of particular documents
Term
Bill of Exchange
Definition
Otherwise called a draft, the instrument normally used in international commerce to effect payment.
Term
Draft
Definition
An order written by an exporter instructing an importer, or an importer's agent, to pay a specified amount of money at a specified time.
Term
Sight Draft
Definition
Payable upon presentation to the drawee
Term
Time Draft
Definition
Allows for a delay in payment to set future date.
Term
Bill of Landing
Definition
A document issued to an exporter by the common carrier transportating the merchandise; serves as a reciept, a contract, and a document of title.
Term
Export-Import Bank
Definition
An independent agency of the U.S. government whose mission is to provide financial aid that will facilitate exports, imports and commodities exchanges between the United States and other countries; also referred to as the Ex-Im Bank
Term
Countertrade
Definition
The trade of goods and services for other goods and services via a whole range of barterlike agreements
Term
Barter
Definition
The direct exchange of goods or services between two parties without a cash transaction
Term
Counterpurchase
Definition
When a firm agrees to purchase a certain amount of materials back from a country to which it made a sale
Term
Offset
Definition
when a firm agrees to purchase goods or services from any firm within the country to which it made a sale
Term
Switch Trading
Definition
Using a specialized third-party trading house in a countertrade agreement
Term
Buyback
Definition
When a firm builds a plant in a country and agrees to take a certain percentage of the plant's output as pertial payment of the contract.
Term
Production
Definition
The activities involved in creating a product
Term
Logistics
Definition
The procurement and transmission of meterial through the supply chain, from suppliers to customers.
Term
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Definition
Philosophy of management that focuses on improving the quality of a company's products and services
Term
Six Sigma
Definition
The modern successor to TQM, a statistically based management philosophy that aims to reduce defects, boost productivity, eliminate waste, and cut costs throughout a company.
Term
ISO 9000
Definition
Certification process that requires certain quality standards to be met
Term
Minimum Efficiant Scale
Definition
The level of output at which most plant-level scale economies are exhausted
Term
Flexible Manufacturing Technology (lean production)
Definition
Manufacturing technology designed to reduce setup time, improve job scheduling, and improve quality control.
Term
Mass Customization
Definition
The ability of companies to use flexible manufacturing technology to achieve product customization at low cost
Term
Flexible Machine Cells
Definition
A grouping of various types of machinery, a common materials handler, and centralized cell controller computer that produces a family of product
Term
Global Learning
Definition
The idea that valuable knowledge resides not only in the firm's domestic operations but in its foreign subsidiaries as well
Term
Make-or-Buy Decisions
Definition
Whether a firm should make or outsource the making of component parts
Term
Specialized Asset
Definition
An Asset whose value is contingent upon a particular persisting relationship
Term
Just-in-Time (JIT) System
Definition
Logestics system designed to deliver parts to a production process as they are needed; not before
Term
Marketing Mix
Definition
Choices about product attributes, distrubution strategies, communication strategies, and pricing strategies that a firm offers its targeted markets.
Term
Market Segmentation
Definition
Identifying distinct groups of consumers whose purchasing behaviour differs from others in important ways, based on criteria such as geography, demographics, sociocultural factors, and psychological factors
Term
Concentrated Retail System
Definition
One in which a few retailers supply most of the market
Term
Fragmented Retail System
Definition
One in which many retailers supply a market, with no one having a major share
Term
Channel Length
Definition
The number of intermediaries between the producer (or manufacturer) and the consumer.
Term
Exclusive Distribution Channel
Definition
A channel that outsiders find difficult to access
Term
Channel Quality
Definition
The expertise, competencies, and skills of established retailers in a nation, and their ability to sell and support the products of international businesses.
Term
Source Effects
Definition
When the receiver of the message evaluates the message on the basis of status or image of the sender
Term
Country of Origin Effects
Definition
The extent to which the place of a product's manufacturing influences its evaluations in the market
Term
Noise
Definition
The amount of other messages competing for a potential consumer's attention.
Term
Push Strategy
Definition
Emphasizes personal selling to potential customer rather than mass media advertising
Term
Pull Strategy
Definition
Depends more on mass media advertising to communicate the marketing message to potential customers
Term
Price Elasticity of Demand
Definition
A measure of how responsive demand for a product is to changes in its price
Term
Elastic
Definition
When a small change in price produces a large change in demand
Term
Inelastic
Definition
When a large change in price produces only a small change in demand
Term
Strategic Pricing
Definition
Pricing aimed at giving a company a competitive advantage over its rivals
Term
Predatory Pricing
Definition
Pricing products below fair market values as a competitive weapon to drive weaker competitors out of the market
Term
Multipoint Pricing
Definition
Occurs when a pricing strategy in one market may have an impact on a rival's pricing strategy in another market.
Term
Experience Curve Pricing
Definition
Aggressive pricing designed to increase volume and help the firm realize experience curve economies
Term
Human Resource Management
Definition
The activities an organization carries out to use its human resources effectively
Term
Expatriate Manager
Definition
A citizen of one country appointed to an management position in another country
Term
Staffing Policy
Definition
An organization's strategy concerning the selection of employees for particular jobs
Term
Corporate Culture
Definition
An Organization's norms and values system
Term
Ethnocentric Staffing Policy
Definition
A staffing approach in which all key management positions are filled by parent country nationals
Term
Polycentric Staffing Policy
Definition
A staffing policy under which the firm recruits host-country nationals to manage subsidiaries in their own country, while parent-country nationals occupy key positions at corporate headquaters
Term
Geocentric Staffing Policy
Definition
A staffing policy under which the firm seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the company, regardless of nationality
Term
Expatriate Failure
Definition
The premature return of an expatriate manager to his or her home country
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