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| vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake |
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| the force exerted on a surface divided by the area over which the force is exerted |
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| the layer o frock that forms Earth's outer surface |
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| a dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in oceanic crust |
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| a usually light-colored igneous rock that is found in continental crust |
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| the layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core |
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| a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust |
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| the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats |
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| a layer of molten iron and nickel that surrounds the inner core of Earth |
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| a dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of the Earth |
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| the transfer of energy through space |
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| the transfer of heat within a material or between materials that are touching |
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| the transfer of heat by movement of a fluid |
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| the amount of mass in a given space; mass per unit volume |
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| the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another |
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| the hypothesis that the continents slowly move across Earth's surface |
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| the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents |
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| a trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock |
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| an undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary |
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| a device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves |
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| the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor |
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| a deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks toward the mantle |
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| the process by which ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle |
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| pieces of the cruse that are broken into sections |
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| a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations |
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| a theory that states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in slow, constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle |
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| breaks in Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other |
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| the place where two plates move apart or diverge |
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| the place where two plates come together |
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| a place where two plates slip past each other moving in opposite directions |
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| a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
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| the stress force that pulls on the crust, stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
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| the stress force that squeezes rock until it fold or breaks |
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| stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions |
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| a fault where the hanging wall lies above and a footwall lies below |
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| the block of rock that lies above in a normal fault |
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| the rock that lies below in a normal fault |
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| has the same structure as a normal fault but the blocks move in the opposite direction |
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| the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other side-ways with little up or down motion |
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| a fold in rock that bends upward into an arch |
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| a fold in rock that bends downward into a valley |
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| a large area of flat land elevated high above sea level |
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| the shaking and trembling that results form the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface |
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| the area beneath Earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks, triggering an earthquake |
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| the point on the surface directly above the focus |
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| a type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground |
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| a type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side |
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| a type of seismic wave that forms when P waves and S waves reach Earth's surface |
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| a scale developed to rate earthquakes according to the level of damage at a given place |
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