Collembola

springtails

"colle" - glue

"embolon" - piston

Most common type of insect

wingless, have a "collephore", a tubular structure for grooming.

internal mouthparts

digest detrius- decomposers

Thysanura

Silverfish and bristle tails

means "three tails" for their three cercei

body made of flattened scales

only about 370 species.

Ephemeroptera

Mayflies

has large eyes

aquatic nymphal stage

wings have direct flight - cannot fold back

this means slower wing beats.

has wings prior to adult stage- "subimago" stage

nymphs have external, feathery gills on cercei.

Odonata

dragon flies and damselflies

has large eyes

aquatic nymphal stage

wings have direct flight - cannot fold back

this means slower wing beats.

Dragonfly (anisoptera) and damselfly (zygoptera)

have tiny antennae

nymphs have extendable labium to grab even fish!

"wheeled" matting behavior

Difference between anisoptera and zygoptera larvae

Dragonfly larvae (anisoptera) have internal gills and use it for propulsion.

also tends to be fatter

Damselfly larvae (zygoptera) have external gills on abdomen.

more slender

Orthopteroids

Large superorder, called "straight wing"

All have:

chewing mouthparts

hemimetabolous metamorphosis

wings held 90 degrees out from body.

Dermaptera

Earwigs

have enlarged cercei

3 tarsal segments on toes

omnivorous and nocturnal

Males have much larger cercei

Orthoptera

composed of the Ensifera and the Caelifera

Ensifera- "long-horned" . includes katydids, crickets.

also makes loud noises by rubbing together wings with a "file" on one and a "scraper" on the other.

Caelifera- "short-horned" - grasshopper

Both share enlarged femurs, 3-4 tarsi and are herbivorous. Many species

Phasmatodea

walking sticks

stick or leaf like and flightless

3 or 5 tarsi

lack tymphana (ears) and don't have enlarged femurs

Blattodea

cockroaches

5 segmented tarsi

long antennae

flattened body

huge pronotum, extending over head

"repugnatorial" glands- they stink!

4,500 species - average.

ootheca- egg sack

Isoptera

termites

"same wings" refers to reproductive's equal length, membranous wings

termed "social cockroaches"

depend on bacteria in gut to digest cellulose

Proctodeal trophylaxis  - eat feces to transfer this bacteria

fontanelle on head top secretes defensive mucous

Mantodea

"predatory cockroaches"

raptorial forelegs

5 tarsi

long pronotum, freely moving head

large eyes, short antennae

(look kind of like dragonflies, but NOT related)

sexually cannibalistic.

Hemipteroid orders

not being covered much- includes lice and thrips

Hemiptera

True bugs

haustelllate mouthparts, in four piercing stylets

2 cutting stylets from mandibles, 2 stylets for food and enzymes from the maxillae

Hemimetabolous metamorphosis

many species - 80,000!

Has three suborders :Heteroptera, Auchenorhyncha, and Sternorrhyncha.

Suborder Heteroptera

one of the "true bugs"

has 4-5 segments on antennae

3-4 beak segments that fit in a groove

legs (raptorial, not)

Includes: water striders, waterbugs, bed bugs,assasin bugs, some plant bugs

Suborder Auchenorrhyncha

means "neck beak"

free-living insects, that jump and fly

look for spines on legs

cicadas are in this group

treehoppers, spittle bugs, leafhoppers

Suborder Sternorrhyncha

"breast" beak

plant parasitic

mostly sedentary

can have complicated life cycles

aphids "viviparous parthenogenesis"

scale insects

lac insects

Holometabola Orders

includes:

Coleoptera- beetles

Diptera-true flies

Mecoptera-"long wings" scorpionflies and hangingflies

Neuroptera- laceflies and mantidflies, antlions

Hymenoptera- ants, bees, wasps

Lepidoptera- moths, butterflies, skippers

Coleoptera

Beetles. means "true wing"

many many beetles- 40% of insects.

1/4 of all named species on earth are beetles

hardened outer wings - elytra

mandibulate

complete metamorphosis

Two suborders- Adephaga- predatory, found on ground- has fused hind coxa (tiger beetles, ground beetles)

and Polyphaga- varied feeders, found on plants, mobile coxa (click beetles, weevils, lightning "bugs")

Diptera

"true" flies

two wings

Halteres - shortened wing pairs used for balance

no chewing mouthparts as adults

two suborders:

Nematocera(mosquito-like) and Brachycera(fly-like)

Nematocera

means "long-horned"

includes mosquitoes, crane flies and love 'bugs'

many segments in antennae

smaller, wingless

paraphyletic.

Brachycera

"short horned'

fly like

includes robber flies, stalk eyed flies, house flies

3-segmented antennae

larger,

2/3 of all Diptera in N. America

Monophyletic

Neuroptera

"vein wing"

4 wings with lots of veins

roof or tent-like wing position

long antennae-good way to tell difference

no cercei

mantidflies, look like mantids, aren't. Convergent evolution

 Mecoptera

"long wing"

scorpionflies and hangingflies

4 wings

long, narrow head

probably not monophyletic

not many species - 600

Hymenoptera

bees, wasps, ants, sawflies

very many species- 123,000 named

4 wings, second pair slightly smaller

hamuli - hook that connects back to front one

mandibulate mouthparts

Suborders:

Symphyta- sawflies - long narrow waist, sawed ovipositor, weird larvae

Apocrita - wasps and bees, and ants.- all have constricted waists

Lepidoptera

butterflies, skippers and moths

means "scale wing"

3rd most diverse species

larvae have unsegmented prolegs and chewing mouthparts

immobile pupae and adult has siphoning mouthparts

butterflies: Papilionoideae

-diurnal, clubbed antennae, slender body

skippers: Hesperiidae

-diurnal, hooked antennae, forewings at 45 angle

moths: everything else

-mostly nocturnal, feathery antennae, furry body, thick body. Have frenulum, a hook on wings