emphasized the state (which were often multinational), yet governed themselves and maintained sovereignty (abandoned universalism [liberal based ideology that emphasizes cooperation for greatest benefit of all parties]), birth of nations/nationalism, and legitimacy (the right/capability to govern a nation).

belief based that power is relative. In order for one country to maximize its security it must attain more power by removing power/capability from other nations in the international system.

established nationalism as identity defined by ethnic, racial, linguistic or cultural identity. Experienced in late 19th century, ie- unification of Germany and unification of Italy

Causes of WWI:

Short term

Causes of WWI

Long term

Germany’s offensive plan during WWI. The idea was to avoid two fronts by attacking France immediatly, then running through Belgium to Russia. Called for immediate mobilization. The effect of the plan is that war automatically follows from initial mobilization. It requires immediate action and emphasizes speed. Schlieffen plan ultimatley expanded the war.

In contemporary use, a Schlieffen plan is anything that automatically forces you to engage in an action without any retreat. 

Several reasons (and assumptions) as to why US enterd WWI. Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare sunk an American vessel. Plus, America was so dependant on a win from their debtors that their involvment seemed necessary to assure return on investment.

Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empre (replaced by Soviet Union empire via communist revolution), German Empire.

the tree main subject areas of Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” 1-Liberalism. 2-Liberal Economics. 3- Regions/Self-Determination

1- Collective security in the international system, hence the creation of the League of Nations. Open Covenants and transparency amongst nations. And an arms reduction.

2- Free trade. Freedom of Navigation.

3- Fair adjustment of Colonial Claims which included the interests of the subject peoples. 

Idealism conceived by Woodrow Wilson. Called for democratic peace, collective security and international law. The actors were interest groups, transnational organizations, international organizations and states themselves. The goals were transnational ideological or economic interests (national self interests also). Kant and St. Thomas helped the premise of idealism, yet it was pushed by Wilson.

Realism is the belief of an anarchic state system where power is subjective. Actors are states. Goals are national self interests and the decisive determinant of how things play out depends on the power of a nation. in short, realsim is “dog eat dog”. Realists thinkers are Machiavelli, Hobbes and Morganthau. 

In the treaty Wilson sacrifices self-determination in order to achieve League of Nations. US Senate rejected the treaty. Important elements are as follow:

- heavy German (monetary) reparations. (Led to many Germans starving to death)

- Limitations on Germany, Rhineland demilitarized, military size/equipment restrictions, Austria cannot join Germany.

- Alsace-Lorrain returned to France and some areas of Eastern Poland retuned to Poland.

- Danzig, a city that buffered Poland and German and had coastal access to the Baltic Sea, was to become an autonomous city-state.

- German “war guilt” clause.

- New States were created: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Eisenhower approved planning for covert guerrilla infiltration, insurgent, destabilizing operations.

-Eisenhower disapproved plan ,requiring further study of Cuban internal operations (non-conventional operation/planning only)

Original CIA plan to Kennedy

– CIA transforms plan to include conventional –type “open invasion” by exiled Cubans (modeled after the Guatemalan operation in 1954) (not specifically approved by Eisenhower.

-Kennedy presented with plan for open invasion on Jan 1961:

      Location: Trinidad, Near Escambray Mountain, sanctuaries for guerrilla activity if Escape and Evasion     (E&E) necessary.

Air support: advance bombing and follow up to completely destroy Cuban air force and CAS (close air support)

- Location changes to 70 miles west to the Bay of Pigs area

-          No site reconnaissance was conducted

-          Inland swamps

-          Away from mountain escape routes, no good E&E (Escape and Evasion)

-          Off-shore coral reefs.

-          Air support reduced- Destruction of Cuban Air Force, uncertain after reduction and cancellation of second strike.

-          Vulnerability to Cuban air attack on beaches from CAS (close air support cancellation)

-Air attacks on April 15 reduced in scope

-Follow up air attacks cancelled on April 16

-Some assault boats stuck on coral reefs supply vessel sunk by Cuban air force

-Beaches strafed by Cuban air force

-Invasion force~ 100 KIA-1,200 captured

-Infiltrations escape to embassies or were caught

-Invasion forces captured were later released upon US payment

- Substantial population flight to West Germany

-East Germany population dropped from 19 to 17 million

Cuban Missile Crisis

- Khrushchev motives: Defend Cuba, Improve strategic balance ,spread revolution (psychological) -Strategic balance: Reports show US holds superiority, some reports claim as much as 17:1 strategic superiority , Also USSR missiles we weak in missile reliability and accuracy

-CIA director advises Kennedy he believes offensive missiles are being introduced into Cuba(Sept), Senator Keating claims that offensive weapons are in Cuba (Sept).Kennedy states publicly there is no evidence of offensive weapons (Sept –Oct)

     -US Reluctant to send U-2s over Western Cuba due to Soviet SAMs

      - U-2 flight over western Cuba on Oct 14

       -Offensive missile confirmed Oct 15

-1. Do nothing. 2. Diplomacy. 3. Secret contact with Castro. 4. Invasion by US Military.5.Air strikes 6.Blockade (viewed as diplomatic act)

Agreement Announced on Oct 28:

Policymaking models applied to Cuban Missile Crisis (3)

 -Contributed to concluding ongoing negotiations for “hot line” between white house and Kremlin (1973)

-Contributed to conclusion of on-going negotiations for limited nuclear test ban treaty (atmospheric testing) (1963)

contributes to dissatisfaction with USSR with Khrushchev; removed in Oct 1964 (non-violent)

-Significant USSR nuclear build-up to reach nuclear party (arms race); USSR concludes nuclear weakness caused soviet “humiliation” over Cuba.

-Contributes to US belief in efficacy of “gradualism”, flexible gradual increase in pressure to achieve foreign policy goals (especially McNamara )

- Often said to have contributed to erroneous US “gradualism “policy of Vietnam war.

- Soviet aggression/expansionist policies, US hostility toward Cuba (Bay of pigs , Mongoose),(USSR perception that the US would invade again).

-US (Kennedy) failure to communicate opposition effectively (perceived by US weakness/US failure to deter)

-US lack of credibility/will (Bay of pigs, Berlin Wall)

- US (Kennedy) domestic politics  (Kennedy prior statements asserting no missiles in Cuba, false “missile gap” claims,assertions of prior administration weakness on cuba , communist Cuba unacceptable; Berlin Wall)

-Khrushchev secrecy and lie (no missiles in Cuba)

-Capabilities at all levels of conflict; nuclear, conventional counterinsurgency)

Nuclear strategy : (targeting cities )( after initially considering controlled nuclear war targeting military installations only)

- Increase US troop strength to 16,000, (military advisors by end of ‘63) declared maintaining South Vietnam to be highest priority, agreed to neutralization of Laos.

-Kennedy assassinated Nov 22, 1963

-Johnson becomes President

- Position on Vietnam-  portrayed opposition as being in favor of war, while he himself stated he would not send American boys to fight the battles of Asian boys.

- The great society –Speech delivered by Johnson proposing goals to eliminate poverty and racial injustice

CBR-Chemical, Biological, Radiological

NBC-Nuclear, Biological, Chemical

a. Blast-a fraction of a second after-the heat from the fireball causes a high pressure wave to develop and move outward producing the blast effect. The air immediately begin the shock front is accelerated to high velocities and creates a powerful wind. Combination of pressure jump and dynamic pressure causes blast damage.

b. Heat: most of the energy goes to heating the bombs materials and the air vicinity of the blast. Temperatures of the explosion reach those of the interior of the sun about 100,000,000 degrees Celsius.

c. Radiation-Several kinds of radiation; -gamma -neutron -ionizing radiation. Not only emitted at time of detonation but also for long periods of time.

d. Fall-Out-the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast conducted in an unshielded facility “falls out” of sky after explosion has passed.

U.S. Strategic Defense “Triad”

-3 Components: -Strategic Bombers -Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles -Submarine Launched Ballistic Missiles

-Reduces possibility that an enemy could destroy all of a nations nuclear force in a first strike attack. Ensures credible threat of a second strike

Truman Era (1945-1953)

*Postwar Understandings of Yalta & Potsdam, Breaking of Yalta Accords

USSR keeps aggressive gains in Europe (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, parts of Poland)

 Germany, Austria, Korea occupation zones; Berlin occupation zones.

Democratic elections (self determination) in Eastern Europe.

All allies evacuate Iran.

US occupy Japan.

Britain/ China disarm Japanese in IndoChina (France to return)

Created United Nations.

Truman Era (1945-1953)

*US Public Assumptions about WWII and Soviet Union (3 assumptions and their effects)

#1) Commonality of Interests- US & USSR shared basic fundamental interests and values (ignoring historical Russian expansionism and communist ideology; only common interest was common enemy, Germany= Hitler)

#2) Freedom/ Victory over Totalitarianism- WWII was fought to rescue freedom and freedom prevailed (ignoring nature of totalitarian state) Regardless of wat they were fighting for Russia was still a totalitarian state

#3) US won the war- US was key factor in defeating Germany and Japan (ignoring asymmetric character of war fighting by US and USSR; ignoring that US/UK could not have defeated Hitler/Germany without USSR)

Truman Era (1945-1953)

*Events Contributing to Western doubts about USSR (Soviet actions in 1945-46 which cause US to recognize Soviet threat)

USSR failure to aid Warsaw Uprising (withholding troops) (Aug 1944)

Imposition of authoritarian governments in Eastern Europe (1945-1946) (“breaking”             Yalta Accords= Stalin made promises he broke)

USSR rejection of IMF (international monetary fund) and World Bank (Bretton Woods) (Jan 1946) They did not want to be part of it

Stalin’s “inevitable war” speech (anti-capitalist) (Feb 1946)

USSR rejection of “Baruch Plan” (UN control of nuclear power) (1946) Russia wanted control of their own nuclear weapons, they did not want to comply to the UN

USSR troops remaining in Iran (1945-46)

Turkish Straits Crisis (USSR seeks control of Straits/Dardanelles) (1946)

Soviet espionage (suspicion of atomic bomb spying/Fuchs) They put spies in the US

Truman Era (1945-1953)

*Kennan’s “Long Telegram” From US Embassy (Feb 22, 1946)

Soviet hostile behavior caused by internal necessities of the totalitarian regime (external enemy needed to justify dictatorship)= They were hostile because of necessities they needed for themselves

Specific content provided by 1) communist ideology and 2) historical geopolitical interests.

Ideology anticipates internal capitalist wars and eventually decay; therefore, no need for risky wars by USSR.

Historical geographical expansionist goals and defensive goals remain. They wanted to continue taking lands

US behavior not cause or change Soviet hostility/behavioral outlook. We had nothing to do with it, they did it on their own

US concessions will not bring reciprocity (naive to so believe) We could help them as much as we can but they won't reciprocate

War not necessary and Soviets will avoid unnecessary risks against countervailing power.

US policy should be patient, diligent, opposition to soviet advances.

Truman Era (1945-1953)

*”Containment” “X” article

Foreign affairs July 1947

US policy should be “long-term but patient and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies”

Contain (rather than rollback) Soviet expansionism with firm countermeasures (short of war) while internal weakness of communism destroy USSR from within. Let them destroy themselves

Contain rather than offensive fight to “rollback” (war not necessary)

“Countermeasures” means broad responses in region (not necessarily specific to precise USSR actions)

Economic strength as important as military strength.

Originally applies to USSR (not unitary worldwide communism)

USSR eventual collapse from within.

KENNEDY ERA

Bay of Pigs

-          Eisenhower approved planning for covert guerrilla infiltration, insurgent, destabilizing operations.

-Eisenhower disapproved plan ,requiring further study of Cuban internal operations (non-conventional operation/planning only) He wanted a non conventional (guerrilla insurgency)

KENNEDY ERA

Original CIA plan to Kennedy

– CIA transforms plan to include conventional –type “open invasion” by exiled Cubans (modeled after the Guatemalan operation in 1954) (not specifically approved by Eisenhower.

-Kennedy presented with plan for open invasion on Jan 1961:

      Location: Trinidad, Near Escambray Mountain, sanctuaries for guerrilla activity if Escape and Evasion     (E&E) necessary.

Air support: advance bombing and follow up to completely destroy Cuban air force and CAS (close air support) The plan the CIA presented to Kennedy, with a conventional operation, Eisenhower had no approve this previously

Joint chiefs of staff conduct limited review of plan and  Kennedy approves the plan.

KENNEDY ERA

Kennedy Changes to plan:

- Location changes to 70 miles west to the Bay of Pigs area

-          No site reconnaissance (they did not really check the land) was conducted

-          Inland swamps

-          Away from mountain escape routes, no good E&E (Escape and Evasion)

-          Off-shore coral reefs. This made it difficult for some boats

-          Air support reduced- Destruction of Cuban Air Force, uncertain after reduction and cancellation of second strike.

-          Vulnerability to Cuban air attack on beaches from CAS (close air support cancellation) Since there was no air support from the US the troops were vulnerable

KENNEDY ERA

Execution of Bay of Pigs

-Air attacks on April 15 reduced in scope

-Follow up air attacks cancelled on April 16

-Some assault boats stuck on coral reefs supply vessel sunk by Cuban air force

-Beaches strafed by Cuban air force

-Invasion force~ 100 KIA-1,200 captured (killed in action)

-Infiltrations escape to embassies or were caught

-Invasion forces captured were later released upon US payment

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

What did Khruschec mean by "we will bury you"? How was this statement reconciled with his claim to "peaceful coexistence"? 

sQuestions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

Under communist (marxism-leninism), how does capitalism produce its own executioners

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

under communist theory, what is the engine of history? 

The engine was the technological industrialization that couldn’t be stopped which was causing the rise of the proletarians since, it helped the rich exploit them.

BA- “the linkage between technological progress, social consciousness and revolutionary consequences revealed the engine.

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

What mental state do industrial workers (the industrial working class/ proletarians) suffer from under capitalism, which would be solved by collective ownership of the means of production of communism

The inequality would be abolished and would help bring happiness because the Capitalists who produced the weapons and hatred brought Wars.    BA-capitalism brings about “alienation”and resentment..

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what economic condition is considered the prerequisite to the transition to communism (agricultural society; pre-industrial; modern industrial; etc) 

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

who leads a communist revoultuion? Who leads a communist state?

Lenin of Russia drives the Bolshevik Revolution by the people.

proletariats lead a revolution.

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity 

what methods did communist use to expand and remain in power ? what was the communst attitude toward terror and dictatorship? 

They used propaganda, subversion, surveillance, infromants, covert action, conventional and unconventional military operations and using terror which at the end would justify it.

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

which us president first recognized the challenge of communism as a test or struggle of ideas? that were the three broad components of president wilsons plan for the post world war I world? 

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what event pulled the US out of the hreat depression

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what does gaddis identify as the majot cause for the trumph of democratic captitalism? what did capitalists do to "save" capitalism?

The leaders mitigated Capitalism with Communism to help preserve it by going to war in WW2 when Hitler and Japan attacked the U.S.

They helped bring Wilson’s program of economic liberalization and collective security.

BA- the third element of liberal thought that was delayed was “political self determination”

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what three important speeches in 1946-47 signaled the competition of ideas in the cold war and perhaps confirmed the exisstance of a cold war 

Stalin claimed that the Soviet Union industrialization helped it prevail during WW2 and to prepare for the next war.

-Winston Churchill did the second in the U.S. about an Iron Curtain descending in Eastern Europe, which was the Soviet Union.

-President Truman gave the third which he proclaimed the Truman Doctrine which helped bring about aid to war torn Europe

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

if communism was geenerally reconized as providing little personal freedom what other factor in human affiars made the success of communism possible ? 

Completely regulated the economy and stored fear in the people. Also any leaders that cooperated with US would be sent to prison or incarcerated

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what stratgy did the US adopt with respect to its former aversaries (germany and japam)? by 1947 with respect to economics (what ecomomic system) and politics (political system)?

They would revive the German and Japanese economy, thereby securing the future of capitalism. Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what was the key US initiative to promote economic recovery and democratic processes in western europe 

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

What was the "first peacetime miilitary alliance the Unite States had enterd into "since 1800? Did the US or western Europe initally seek the alliance 

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what happened in East gernmany un june 1953 as a result of the loosening of stalin terror and opressive east german work quotes ?

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what effects did khurchecs anti-stalin" speech have un poland and hungary in 1956 ?

The polish communist party began to remove Stalinist from positions of authority and communism was kicked out. Hungarians did a full scale rebellion against USSR and their own communist, but the riots were abolished by soviet troops.

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what did Mao Zedong (communist china) think of stalin ?

Mao respected Stalin and deferred to him, but never found him easy to deal with

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

How did mao adress the ideology problem that china was not an industrial state readt fr a marxist revolution with few working class proletarians 

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

what was maos "hundred flowers" campaing? was the hundred flowers campagn an effort to generate innovative reform ideas or to purge dissent 

It was a purge of potential dissidents that added to Maos industrialization and collectivization campaign.

BA- Mao gave the illusion that he would let contending political ideologies roam freely. As those dumb enough to believe him took him literally, he killed the

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

Why did the East gernmans buld the berlin wall? why did khruschev approve ? 

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

why did the kennedy admin find the berlin wall to be a stablixing event ?

Questions from the Reading Command Vs. Spontaneity

why did capitalism succed after wwII (not succuming to communist prediction)