Term
| Body Cavities Lined with Membranes |
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Definition
| Sheets of epithelium supported by connective tissues called membranes cover body cavities and organ surfaces. |
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Term
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Definition
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
The diaphragm separates them
Dorsal cavity
Cranial cavity (encloses the brain)
Spinal cavity (houses the spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
Contains the digestive system, the urinary system,
and the reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the digestive system, the urinary system, and the reproductive system |
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Term
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Definition
Subdivided into
Pleural cavities (contain the lungs)
Pericardial cavity (contains the heart) |
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Term
Dorsal cavity
"toward the back" |
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Definition
Cranial cavity (encloses the brain)
Spinal cavity (houses the spinal cord) |
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Term
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Definition
composed of Skin and of
Derivatives of the skin -Hair, Nails, Sweat glands, Oil glands, Wax glands |
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Term
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Definition
Mucous membranes line passageways that open to the exterior of the body
Serous membranes line the thoracic and abdominal cavities and the organs within them
Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely moveable joints
Cutaneous membrane (skin) covers the outside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
The skin is our largest organ
Protects against bacterial invasion,UV radiation, and physical and chemical stress Prevents water loss
Regulates body temperature
Synthesizes vitamin
Receives external stimuli
Excretion of waste products |
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Term
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Definition
The skin is our largest organ
Functions of the skin
Protects against bacterial invasion, UV radiation, and physical and chemical stress
Prevents water loss
Regulates body temperature
Synthesizes vitamin D
Receives external stimuli
Excretion of waste products |
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Term
| skin has two major layers |
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Definition
Epidermis (epi: on, over)
Thin outer layer
Dermis
Thicker inner layer containing nerves, blood vessels, and glands
Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
Layer of loose connective tissue just below the epidermis and dermis |
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Term
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Definition
Thin outer layer
several layers of epithelial cells
No blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Thicker inner layer containing nerves, blood vessels, and glands
primarily of connective tissue blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles
Collagen and elastic fibers are found in the
lower layer, which allows the skin to stretch and return to its original shape |
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Term
| Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer |
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Definition
Layer of loose connective tissue just below the epidermis and dermis
Anchors skin to the tissues of other organ systems that lie beneath
Functions: Protection, Temperature regulation
Fat storage
Not usually considered part of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
Skin color is determined by
Blood flow
Distribution and quantity of the pigment melanin |
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Term
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Definition
Skin color is determined by
Blood flow
the pigment melanin |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by melanocytes
In tanning, the melanocytes respond to UV radiation by increasing production of melanin |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by melanocytes
In tanning, the melanocytes respond to UV
radiation by increasing production of melanin |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by melanocytes
In tanning, the melanocytes respond to UV
radiation by increasing production of melanin |
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Term
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Definition
Produced by melanocytes
In tanning, the melanocytes respond to UV
radiation by increasing production of melanin |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary function is protection |
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Term
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Definition
Protect the tips of our toes and fingers
also function as sensory antennas |
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Term
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Definition
Oil lubricates hair and skin and contains substance
s that inhibit bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Produce sweat that helps in the regulation of body temperature
Some metabolic wastes are excreted in sweat |
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Term
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Definition
Modified sweat glands found in
external ear canal
Wax (*cerumen) protects the ear by trapping small particles |
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Term
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Definition
Protects and supports internal structures
Facilitates movement
Stores lipids (in yellow marrow), calcium, and phosphorus
Produces blood cells (in red marrow) |
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Term
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Definition
Protects & supports internal structures
Facilitates movement
Stores lipids (in yellow marrow), calcium, and phosphorus
Produces blood cells (in red marrow) |
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Term
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Definition
| All chemical reactions that occur within the cells of living things |
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Term
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Definition
subcutaneous level
Anchors skin to the tissues of other organ systems that lie beneath
Functions:
Protection
Temperature regulation
Fat storage
Not usually considered part of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively constant and self-correcting internal environment of a living organism (ability to maintain body constancy) A constant adjustment made by the organ systems to respond to changes in internal & external environments while limiting too large variations of the internal condition required for life Maintained primarily through negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in the chemical environment of a protein can cause it to lose its structure, resulting in a loss of function
Temperature and/or pH changes are the major cause of denaturation
KNOW! |
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Term
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Definition
is the constant adjustment made by the organ systems to respond to changes in the internal and external environments while limiting too large variations of the internal condition required for life
Maintained primarily through negative feedback mechanisms |
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Term
| List Levels of organization of life |
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Definition
| molecule-cell-tissue-Organ->organism-individual-population-community-Ecosystem-Biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical component of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical structure held together by covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic unit of life single |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of similar cells that perform the same function |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of two or more different tissues that work together to perform a specific function |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of organs with a common function |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals of same species in an area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Species of ecosystem that interact |
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Term
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Definition
| Community & it's physical environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of earth that supports life |
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Term
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Definition
| way of learning about the natural world by applying certain rules of logic to the way information is gathered and conclusions are drawn |
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Term
| Scientific Method explained |
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Definition
Observations-Form Questions-hypothesis (step where hypothesis, predictions & experiments can be revised)-Prediction-
Further Experimentation-Results-
Conclusion |
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Term
Scientific Method
Inductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| accumulation of facts thru observ til enough facts to draw conclusion or develop testable hypothesis |
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Term
Scientific Method
Deductive Reasoning |
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Definition
| involves making a general statement format often="if, then" and drawings more specific conclusions from it. |
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Term
Scientific Method
Experiments |
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Definition
medicinces or materials to be used on humans 1st tested on animals (usually rodents)
If go well--human clinical trials |
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Term
Scientific Method
Clinical Trials |
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Definition
several experimental grps
receive diff dosages plus control group placebo |
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Term
Scientific Method
Double Blind Study |
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Definition
| neither researchers nor participants know who is receiving treatment |
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Term
Scientific Method
Epidemiological Study |
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Definition
| Looks for patterns that occur in large populations. |
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Term
Scientific Method
New Drug |
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Definition
Phase 1-safe for humans?
Phase II-work for intended purpose?
Phase III-compare to other available treatments |
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Term
| Medicinal Plants/shrinking Rain Forest |
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Definition
Many plants healing properties
willow bark tea-salicylic acid(aspirin)
Purple foxglove-digitalis
Broccoli-sulforaphane (anti-cancer)
Rosy Periwinkle-two anti cancer drugs
2030 9/10 of rainforest destroyed causing loss of potential new medicines |
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Term
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Definition
two or more elements combined
Atoms of compound held together by atoms-when forming bonds atoms lose, gain or share electrons in outermost shell |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom Group or group of atoms with positive or negative electrical charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Result from the attraction of oppositely charged ions, rather than shared electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| Electrons of a Covalent bond are shared unequally |
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Term
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Definition
The attraction formed between a slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and another slightly negatively charged atom
Hydrogen bonds account for the unique properties of water |
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Term
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Definition
double bonds between carbon atoms and fatty acids,
triglycerides are classified as unsaturated; if not, they are called saturated |
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Term
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Definition
Strongest bond
Form when two or more atom share the electrons in their outer shell |
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Term
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Definition
Water is a polar molecule
Unique Properties=High Heat Capacity, High Heat Vaporization (sweat), Dissolving Agent |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
release hydrogen ions (H+) when placed in water
the lower the water Ph the greater the acidity |
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Term
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Definition
produce hydroxide ions (OH–) when added to water
The higher the Ph the more basic the solution |
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Term
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Definition
The lower the pH on the pH scale, the greater the acidity
The higher the pH, the more basic a solution
7 is neutral
ouside pH range=outside Homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
Prevent dramatic changes in pH
Remove excess H+ from solutions when concentrations of H+ increase
Add H+ when concentrations of H+ decrease |
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Term
| Biological Macromolecules |
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Definition
The giant molecules of life
They are long chains called polymers made of repeating units called monomers.
Carbohydrates-Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Lipids(Fatty acids and glycerol)
Proteins (Amino acids)
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA of nucleotides) |
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Term
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Definition
Polymers, made of monosaccharides
Glucose and fructose are examples of monosaccharides
Simple (mono) sugars
Sucrose and lactose are examples of disaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
Chains of monosaccharides that store energy or provide structure
The storage polysaccharide in animals is glycogen, which humans store mainly in the cells of liver and muscles
know figure 2.18 |
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Term
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Definition
An indigestible (to humans) polysaccharide made of repeating units of glucose
Humans lack the enzyme necessary to digest cellulose
However it is an important form of dietary fiber in the human diet |
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Term
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Definition
Water-insoluble molecules made of C, H, and O
Store long-term energy
Protect vital organs
Form cell membranes
Fats and oils are examples of triglycerides
Polymers made of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| made of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
Amino acids
The building blocks of proteins
central carbon atom,amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH), side chain (R) |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement often from a region of lower to higher concentration (going against the concentration gradient) with the aid of a carrier protein and energy (usually from ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
radioactive gas produced when uranium breaks down in rock/soil
seeps thru foundations
kills causing lung cancer
venting systems pulls radon from beneath house releasing to outside
home radon test at hardware stores and national Safety Council |
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Term
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Definition
are the main components of plasma membranes and have
A glycerol head that is polar and hydrophilic
A fatty acid tail that is nonpolar and hydrophobic
know figure 2-20 how fats are digested |
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Term
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Definition
lipid that consists of four carbon rings attached to molecules that vary from one steroid to the next
Estrogen and testosterone are examples of steroids and found in males and females respectively, as is cholesterol, which is a risk factor for heart disease when found in high levels in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
Polypeptide chains of at least 50 amino acids that
Proteins have four distinct levels of structure that affect their function in the body
Primary-specific sequence of amino acids (a bead w/I a polypeptide chain)
Secondary- (ie-helix) results from bending and coiling amino acid chain. Hydrogen bonging= secondary structure
Tertiary-3-d shape Interactions in r-group (side chain)=tertiary structure
Quaternary-attractive features between two subbonds |
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Term
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Definition
Amino acids that form proteins are linked by bonds
Chains of only a few amino acids are called peptides
Chains of 10 or more amino acids are called polypeptides
Formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids through dehydration synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
Are very specific in their activity
Specificity is due to the unique shape of each enzyme’s active site
Enzymes bind to substrates at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
Sometimes cofactors, often called coenzymes, bind at the active site to facilitate the reaction
The substrate is converted to one or more products |
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Term
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Definition
speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
Without enzymes, chemical reactions within our cells would occur far too slowly to sustain life
almost always proteins |
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Term
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Definition
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA and RiboNucleic Acid (RNA) =polymers of smaller units called nucleotides
Genes are segments of polymers called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
made up of a five-carbon sugar bonded to one of five nitrogen-containing bases and a phosphate group
RNA and DNA have structural differences |
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Term
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Definition
RNA
Is single stranded
Has the sugar ribose
Has the nitrogen-containing bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil |
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Term
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Definition
DNA
Has two strands that form a distinctive double helix
Has the sugar deoxyribose
Has the nitrogen-containing bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
special nucleotide
A molecule capable of storing energy in its phosphate-to-phosphate bonds
All energy from the breakdown of molecules, such as glucose, must be channeled through ATP before the body can use it
ATP is often described as the energy currency of cells |
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Term
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Definition
Grpund water replenishment system orange county
treated waste water under goes purification
1/2 water injected into seawater intrusion barrier
other 1/2 into percolation pond where it filters naturally through gravel, groundwater
meets or exceeds all standards |
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Term
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Definition
Primary components all cell membranes are phospholipids
phospholipid bilayer separates extracellular fluid from material inside cell contained in cytoplasm
Controls Substance movement in and out of cell. Many proteins are able to move sideways through the bilayer to some degree, giving the membrane its fluid quality
The phospholipid bilayer separates the extracellular fluid from the material inside the cell contained in the cytoplasm
Proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates are also part of the membrane and give it the qualities of a fluid mosaic |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a substance following a concentration gradient: from high concentration to low concentration |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration with the aid of a membrane protein
Water-soluble substances need to be assisted or “facilitated” by certain proteins (carrier proteins) to cross a cell membrane
Still passive (no energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| A region of plasma membrane engulfs substance to be ingested then pinches off from the membrane, enclosing substances in a vesicle which travels through the cytoplasm Applies to large molecules, single-celled organisms, and droplets of fluid containing dissolved substances Two types: Phagocytosis (cell eating)—large particles or bacteria. Pinocytosis (cell drinking)—droplets of fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Large molecules are enclosed in membrane-bound vesicles that travel to plasma membranes where they are released to the outside |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles also perform specific cellular functions |
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Term
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Definition
Usually Spherical Membrane shell.
Houses DNA. Controls almost all of the genetic info of the cell DNA. Organized into chromosomes. (human 46, 23 sets)
Makes RNA to control Protein Synthesis. By controlling what Protein are made of it controls most of the cellular functions. |
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Term
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Definition
specialized region within the nucleus
Involved in the production of ribosomal RNA |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (membranous) |
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Definition
| Extensive Mazelike network of channels to the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelop and certain organelles, often spans out of nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
dotted with ribosomes which guide
industrial complex for protein production (cell products)
"membranous organelle associated with protein synthesis" |
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Term
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Definition
Lacks ribosomes. Site of production of phosphoids & detoxification materials processing.
Lipid Synthesis occurs
"membranous organelle associated with lipid synthesis" |
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Term
| Body Cavities lined with membranes |
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Definition
Sheets of epithelium supported by connective tissues called membranes cover body cavities and organ surfaces
4 types Mucous, Serous, Synovial, Cutaneous membrane (skin) |
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Term
Golgi Apparatus
(membranous) |
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Definition
Site for packaging and special processing of molecules (mainly proteins) for export out of cell
Sorts, modifies, packages products of RER. Is a series of interconnected flattened membranes.
"packages materials for export out of the cell" |
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Term
Lysosome/Peroxisome
(membranous) |
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Definition
Vesicle or small vacuole containing digestive enzymes that breakdown macromolecules, old organelles & invaders.
"vesicle containing digestive enzymes" |
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Term
| Four phases of cellular respiration |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Transition reaction
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Splits glucose into two pyruvate
net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules
Does not require oxygen |
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Term
| Phase 2: Transition reaction |
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Definition
Occurs within the mitochondria
CO2 is removed from each pyruvate
Forms 2 acetyl CoA molecules |
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Term
| Phase 3: Citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle |
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Definition
Occurs within the mitochondria
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle
Releases 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 6 NADH molecules
Requires oxygen |
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Term
| Phase 4: Electron transport chain |
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Definition
Occurs within the mitochondria (inner membrane)
Electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen
Releases energy that results in 32 ATP
Requires oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
POWERHOUSE CELL membranous energy transducers convert molecular energy from one molecule to another.
Site of cellular respiration. provides cell energy through breakdown of glucose to produce ATP.
(usually, sugars, amino acids, lipids to ATP)
"converts molecular energy from sugars to ATP" |
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Term
| Cytoskeleton (nonmembranous) |
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Definition
| Network of protein fibers, intermediate filament, microfilaments and microtubules that provide shape & support and moves the cell. "network of protein fibers/tubules that supports a cell" |
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Term
| Centrioles (nonmembranous) |
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Definition
| Part of the larger centrosome Directs many aspects of cell division in most animal cells Composed of microtubules. May function in cell division & in the formation of cilia and flagella. |
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Term
Flagella and Cilia
(nonmembranous) |
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Definition
whiplike projections of contractile proteins to move cell (e.g. Flagella in humans moves Sperm) or other substances in multicellular
organism (ciliated epithelium of the human respiratory tract)
flagella "composed of contractile proteins that move a cell" |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes all of the chemical reactions that take place in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex molecules are broken down into simpler compounds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Asbestosis results from the deadly interaction
between asbestos and lysosomes |
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Term
| Mitochondrial Disease Cause an Energy Shortage in Our Bodies |
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Definition
Mitochondrial diseases result from a deficiency in
the proteins that function in energy metabolism
within mitochondria, including proteins that are
part of the electron transport chain
-Less energy is generated, cell function is
compromised, and cell death can result
-Parts of the body requiring the most energy are
the most damaged: brain, heart, lungs, kidneys,
endocrine glands, and skeletal muscles
-Cause: mutations (changes) in DNA that encodes
for protein critical
in energy metabolism within
mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the
mother
-Environment factors, such as infections and drugs
can damage mitochondria
-Symptoms include
-fatigue
- failure to gain weight
-seizures, developmental delays, dementia
-decline in vision or hearing
-muscle weakness, cramps, and exercise
intolerance |
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Term
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Definition
A group of cells of similar type that work together to serve a common function
Humans have four primary tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous |
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Term
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Definition
(Epi: on, upon)Covers the body surfaces. Lines cavities and organs
Forms glands
Two structural characteristics-
Free surface 4 protection, secretion, absorption
Base membrane binds epi cells to underlying connective tissue to resist stretching |
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Term
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Definition
lack ducts and secrete their products, hormones into spaces just outside the cells but in the body (endo: inside)
Ultimately, hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to be carried throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
Cells
are contained in an
extracellular matrix of
protein fibers and ground substance
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Term
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Definition
Provides support and protection for organs
Serves as a storage site for fat
Participates in our immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Provides support and protection for organs
Serves as a storage site for fat
Participates in our immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells are contained in an extracellular matrix of protein fibers and ground substance |
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Term
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Definition
Provides support and protection for organs
Serves as a storage site for fat
Participates in our immunity |
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Term
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Definition
Body movement
Movement of fluids through the body |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for:
Body movement
Movement of fluids through the body
Nervous tissue |
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Term
Epithelial Tissue
Three Types |
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Definition
1.Squamous epithelium
2.Cuboidal epithelium
3.Columnar epithelium
These cells can be either simple(a single layer of cells) or stratified (multiple layers of cells) |
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Term
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Definition
3 types
voluntary or involuntary
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth |
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Term
Simple squamous epithelium
simple(a single layer of cells) |
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Definition
Flattened cells-Shape allows diffusion of materials, can provide a slick surface to reduce friction
Lining of heart and blood vessels, air sacs of lungs |
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Term
| Simple squamous epithelium |
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Definition
Has flattened cells
Shape allows for diffusion of materials and can provide a slick surface to reduce friction
Lining of heart and blood vessels, air sacs of lungs |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
cube-shaped cells
Specialized for secretion and absorption
Kidney tubules |
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Term
| Simple cuboidal epithelium (single layer) |
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Definition
cube-shaped cells
Specialized for secretion & absorption
Kidney tubules |
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Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
stratified (multiple layers of cells) |
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Definition
Multiple layers of flattened cells
Provides protection vs. abrasion, infection,drying out
Linings of mouth, esophagus, vagina, outer layer of skin |
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Term
| Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
Multiple layers of flattened cells
Provides protection against abrasion, infection, and drying out
Linings of mouth, esophagus, and vagina, and outer layer of skin |
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Term
| Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
Multiple layers of flattened cells
protection against abrasion, infection, and drying out
Linings of mouth, esophagus, and vagina, and outer layer of skin |
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Term
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Definition
column-shaped cells
Specialized for secretion and absorption
Lines the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
column-shaped cells
Specialized for secretion and absorption
Lines the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
gland is composed of epithelial tissue that secretes a product
Exocrine and Endocrine Glands |
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Term
| Areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
Loose connective tissue
Between muscles, surrounding glands, wrapping small blood vessels and nerves
Wraps and cushions organs |
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Term
| Areolar connective tissue |
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Definition
Between muscles, surrounding glands, wrapping small blood vessels and nerves
Wraps and cushions organs |
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Term
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Definition
areolar connective tissue,
adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| (areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Tightly woven fibers
Found in ligaments, tendons, and the dermis
Attaches bone to bone (ligaments)
Attaches bone to muscle (tendons) |
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Term
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Definition
of tightly woven fibers
Found in ligaments, tendons, and the dermis
Attaches bone to bone (ligaments)
Attaches bone to muscle (tendons) |
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Term
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Definition
Under skin, around kidneys and heart
Stores energy, insulates, cushions organs |
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Term
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Definition
Tough but flexible
Serves as a cushion between bones Lacks blood vessels and nerves Heals more slowly than bone
Three types
1Hyaline 2Elastic 3Fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Tough but flexible
Serves as a cushion between bones
Lacks blood vessels and nerves
Heals more slowly than bone
Three types differ in flexibility and location
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Allows stretching of cells w/o coming apart
Also allows for cells to slide slightly relative to each other
Found between skin cells |
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Term
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Definition
Allows for stretching of cells without coming apart
Also allows for cells to slide slightly relative to each other
Found between skin cells |
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Term
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Definition
Under skin, around kidneys and heart
Stores energy, insulates, cushions organs |
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Term
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Definition
Ends of long bones and parts of the
ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx
Provides support and flexibility
smooth surface for joint movement |
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Term
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Definition
ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.
Provides support and flexibility
It provides a smooth surface for joint movement |
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Term
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Definition
More flexible
Contains elastic fibers
external ear and the epiglott |
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Term
|
Definition
Withstands pressure
discs in the intervertebral spaces
and the knee joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to withstand pressure
Found in discs in the intervertebral spaces and the knee joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood consists of plasma (a liquid matrix) and formed elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of
plasma
(a liquid matrix)
and
formed elements
Formed elements are cells and cell
fragments
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are cells and cell fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport oxygen to cells and some carbon dioxide away from cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport oxygen to cells and some carbon dioxide away from cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support, insulate, and protect neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obvious striations
Voluntary
Attaches muscle to bones for voluntary
movement of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obvious striations
Voluntary
Attaches muscle to bones for voluntary movement of body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wall of heart
Branching striated cells
Specialized junctions between cells(*intercalated discs with gap junctions)
Involuntary
Contracts and propels blood through body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conducts nerve impulses through the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
(electrons have less mass) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of protons in the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Four types of burns:
First- sunburn-
Second- blisters-
Third- full thickness-
Fourth- deep,full thickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Four types of burns:
First- sunburn
Second- blisters
Third- full thickness
Fourth- deep, full thickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wall of heart
Branching striated cells
Specialized junctions between cells (*intercalated discs with gap junctions)
Involuntary
Contracts and propels blood through body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells taper at each end
No striations
Involuntary
Found in walls of digestive system, blood vessels, tubules of urinary system, bronchioles of lungs
Propels substances through internal
passageways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Consists of neurons and neuroglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corrective measures that slow or reverse variation from a normal value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Attachments between adjacent cells
3 types-Tight junctions
Adhesion junctions
Gap junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Attachments between adjacent cells. Three types of cell junctions:
Tight junctions
Adhesion junctions
Gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| Cell Structure and Function |
|
Definition
| one celldifferentiates into many specialized cells structures that reflect their particular functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fundamental organizing principle of biology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ""contains centrioles; directs part of cell division" |
|
|
Term
| Common Isotopes of Carbon |
|
Definition
12C (six neutrons)
13C (seven neutrons)
14C (eight neutrons) |
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous membrane (skin) |
|
Definition
| covers the outside of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the reaction when polymers are built up, water is removed
when the same molecules are broken apart, water is added and the reaction is called hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flexible
elastic fibers (external ear and the epiglottis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside the nucleus, 1 negative unit charge, mass is negligible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made of many atoms that are the same Each element has an atomic number and atomic mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1Covers body surfaces 2Lines cavities/organs 3Forms glands
2 structural char-1Free surface specialized for protection-secretion-absorption. Basement membrane binds epi cells to underlying connective
tissue &resists stretching
3 ET Shapes-1Squamous 2Cuboidal 3Columnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 Epidermis
2 Dermis
Hypodermis subcutaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Structurally more complex - Typically larger - Have membrane-bound organelles - Found in plants, animals, fungi, protists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete into ducts leading to body surfaces, cavities or organs (exo: out) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
food intentionally irradiated to delay spoilage, increase shelf life, remove microogranisims, pests and parasites
food does no become radioactive |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
Maintains structural integrity of cell
Regulates substances into/out of cell
Provides recognition between cells (glycoproteins)
Provides communication between cells (receptors)
Sticks cells together to form tissues and organs (cell adhesion molecules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have small holes connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Allow 4 exchange of ions between cells
Allow for rapid communication of electrical impulses in cardiac cells synchronizing electrical activity and thus contraction
Found between cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Have small holes connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Allow for exchange of ions between cells
Allow for rapid communication of electrical impulses in cardiac cells- synchronizing electrical activity and thus contraction
Found between cardiac muscle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of epithelial tissue that
secretes a product
Exocrine glands secrete into ducts leading to body surfaces, cavities or organs (exo: out)
Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete their products, hormones into spaces just outside the cells but in the body (endo: inside)
Ultimately,
hormones diffuse into the
bloodstream to be carried throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Noncellular material
May be solid (bone), fluid (blood), or gelatinous (cartilage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Noncellular material
May be solid (bone), fluid (blood), or gelatinous (cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary function is protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
components
Receptor
Detects a change in the internal or external environment
Control center (such as the brain)Integrates the information coming from all receptors and selects an appropriate response
Effector (such as a muscle or gland)
Carries out the response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Receptor
Detects a change in the internal or external environment
Control center (such as the brain)
Integrates the information coming from all receptors and selects an appropriate response
Effector (such as a muscle or gland)
Carries out the response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when molecules are broken apart, water is added and the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormally elevated body
temperature
Can occur if mechanisms for lowering higher-than-normal body temperatures fail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormally elevated body temperature
Can occur if mechanisms for lowering higher-than-normal body temperatures fail |
|
|
Term
Hypothalamus and
Body Temperature |
|
Definition
homeostatic regulation of body
temperature by negative feedback mechanisms
Receptors -thermoreceptors
Control center
hypothalamus (a region of the
brain)
Effectors sweat glands, blood vessels in the skin, and skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| Hypothalamus and Body Temperature |
|
Definition
: homeostatic regulation of body temperature by negative feedback mechanisms
In this system
Receptors thermoreceptors
Control center hypothalamus (a region of the brain)
Effectors sweat glands, blood vessels in the skin, and skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormally low body temperature
Can occur if body temperature drops too far |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abnormally low body temperature
Can occur if body temperature drops too far |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ropelike fibers that maintain cell shape and anchor organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
|
|
Term
| Isotopes used in medicine |
|
Definition
Radioactive iodine-131(131I) aka radioiodine-thyroid imagery
iodine-125/palladium-103 kills prostrate cancer are implanted in gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything that takes up space and has a mass All matter is made of Atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by melanocytes
In tanning, the melanocytes respond to UV
radiation by increasing production of melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produced by melanocytes
In tanning, the melanocytes respond to UV
radiation by increasing production of melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Melanoma occurs in the melanocytes
The ABCD signs of malignant melanoma
A= asymmetry
B= border irregularity
C= color variation
D= diameter larger
than a pencil |
|
|
Term
Micro Villi
(nonmembranous) |
|
Definition
| Folds in the plasma membrane to increase surface area (e.g. absorption, transport) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Function in muscle contraction
Form a band that pinches cell in two during cell division |
|
|
Term
| Movement Across the Plasma Membrane |
|
Definition
Passive transport
Movement across the membrane that doesn’t require energy
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Movement across the membrane that requires energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
line passageways that open
to the exterior of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Voluntary or involuntary
Three types Skeletal - Cardiac - Smooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protect the tips of our toes and fingers
also function as sensory antennas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corrective measures that slow or reverse variation from a normal value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Consists of neurons and neuroglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support, insulate, and protect neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generate nerve impulses and conduct them to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generate nerve impulses and conduct them to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleus, no charge, 1 atomic mass unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oil lubricates hair and skin and contains substances that inhibit bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause a change that promotes continued
change in the same direction- rare
Blood clotting Childbirth Ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cause a change that promotes continued change in the same direction- rare
Blood clotting
Childbirth
Ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Structurally simpler
- Typically smaller
- Lack membrane-bound organelles
- Include bacteria and archaea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
Produced by fibroblasts, which are also responsible for tissue repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers
Produced by fibroblasts, which are also responsible for tissue repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleus, 1 positive unit, 1 atomic mass unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy moving through space, such as radio waves, light and heat
harmful, causing the death of cells or beneficial when used in science including medicine
Sunburn most common form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mixture of rRNA and proteins
worksites for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
Scientific Method
Critical thinking to Evaluate Scientific Claims |
|
Definition
Crti-Think skills analyze, make informed decisions
Ask questions, evaluate data, make informed decisions
Scientists push their work in peer-review journals
remain skeptical, determine info source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
line the thoracic and
abdominal cavities and the organs within them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Melanoma occurs in the melanocytes
The ABCD signs of malignant melanoma
A= asymmetry
B= border irregularity
C= color variation
D= diameter larger than a pencil eraser |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In skin cancer, UV radiation alters the genetic material in skin cells so that the cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma is the least common and
most dangerous type of skin cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basal cell carcinoma, the most common arises in the rapidly dividing cells of the deepest layer of epidermis
Squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common, arises in the newly formed skin cells as they flatten and move toward the skin surface
Melanoma is the least common and most dangerous type of skin cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cells taper at each end
No striations
Involuntary
Found in walls of digestive system, blood vessels, tubules of urinary system, bronchioles of lungs
Propels substances through internal passageways |
|
|
Term
| Structural Differences between RNA and DNA |
|
Definition
Characteristic RNA DNA
Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose
Bases adeguine, adeguine,
guanine guanine
cytosine cytosine,
uracil thycine
# of strands ONE 2-twisted
double Helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Produce sweat that helps in the regulation of body temperature
Some metabolic wastes are excreted in sweat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
line the cavities of freely
moveable joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primarily of connective tissue
Has blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles
Collagen and elastic fibers are found in the lower layer, which allows the skin to stretch and return to its original shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
several layers of epithelial cells
no blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cranial cavity (encloses the brain)
Spinal cavity (houses the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subdivided into
Pleural cavities (contain the lungs)
Pericardial cavity (contains the heart)
Abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
leak-proof seal
Found between cells lining the urinary and digestive tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Form a leak-proof seal
Found between cells lining the urinary and digestive tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In skin cancer, UV radiation alters the genetic material in skin cells so that the cells grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a tumor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large Bubble (typically) used for storage inside cell |
|
|
Term
Ventral cavity
“toward the abdomen" |
|
Definition
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
(The diaphragm separates them) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modified sweat glands found in external ear canal
Wax (*cerumen) protects the ear by trapping small particles |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 molecules in all living things? |
|
Definition
1 Nucleic Acid
2 Proteins
3 Carbohydrates
4 Lipids |
|
|
Term
| Why is plasma membrane so important to the calls and to life in general? |
|
Definition
all cells have a plasma membrane to encase their special biochemistry.
Cell membranes keep their complex chemistry discrete from contamination by the chemistry of the non-living world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skin
Derivatives of the skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Wax glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the structure and movement of flagella and cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)osculum
2)mesophyl
3)porocytes
4)spongocoel
5)choanocyte
6)amoebocyte
7)epidermis
8)spicules
9)flagellum
10)collar
11)choanocyte
12)amoebocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wander through mesophyl distributing nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly marine; some freshwater |
|
|
Term
Cnidaria body plan
openings, symmetry, germ layers |
|
Definition
sac with gastrovascular cavity
one opening
radially symmetrical
diploblastic (ecto and endoderm separated by mesoglea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)mouth/anus
2)tentacle
3)gastrovascular cavity
4)gastrodermis
5)mesoglea
6)epidermis
7)tentacle
8)mouth/anus
9)body stalk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)nematocyst
2)trigger
3) coiled thread
4) cnidocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marine, freshwater, some in damp terrestrial |
|
|
Term
| Platyhelminthes body symmetry/germ layers |
|
Definition
bilateral symmetry
triploblastic acoelomates |
|
|
Term
| platyhelminthes breathing |
|
Definition
| flattened for better gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| platyhelminthes gastrovascular cavity |
|
Definition
branched to distribute food around
only one opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platyhelminthes
free living
carnivores
e.g. planarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platyhelminthes
endoparasitic
two suckers to attach to host
e.g. flukes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platyhelminthes
endoparasitic
have hooks and suckers
e.g. tapeworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sections on tapeworm that produces eggs and sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| head of tapeworm that contains the hooks and suckers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)nephridium 2)heart 3)mantle
4)mantle cavity 5)anus 6)gill
7)foot 8)nerve cords 9)esophagus
10)mouth 11)radula 12)shell
13)stomach 14)digestive tract 15)intestine
16)gonads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-chitons
-marine environmnets
-shell with 8 plates
-no head
-radula
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-snails/slugs
-marine, freshwater, or terrestrial
-radula
-cephalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-clams,mussels, scallops
-marine and freshwater
-no radula
-two shells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-octopuses, squids
-marine
-closed circulatory system
-locomotion by jet propulsion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-segmented worms
-freshwater, marine, terrestrial
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first segment of earthworm containing mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second segment of earthworm from the anterior end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior end of earthworm containing anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All cells have one
Keep from contamination
Main component-Phospholipid
Is selectively permeable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Houses DNA
Makes RNA
Controls cellular function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Converts molecular energy from sugar to ATP
(orange jellybean in picture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vesicle containing digestive enzymes
Little green circle with orange center in picture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Packages materials for export out of cell
(looks like green waves on picture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranous organelle for lipid synthesis
(purple pipe like standing up and cut.) oOOo0o sort of like this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranous organelle for protein synthesis (has ribosomes in it)
(looks like a maze with dots of orange ribosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
whip like projections proteins that move cells
(looks like a Christmas light bulb with a tail)in photo as a mature sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
network fiber and tubules to support cell
(looks like skinny toothpicks in picture) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple diffusion across plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
Directional
Superior (cranial) |
|
Definition
| The head is superior to the abdomen |
|
|
Term
Directional
Inferior (caudal) |
|
Definition
Away from head toward lower; below
The naval is inferior to the chin |
|
|
Term
Directional
Ventral(anterior) |
|
Definition
Toward or at the back of the body; in front of
The breastbone is anterior to the spine |
|
|
Term
Directional
Dorsal (posterior) |
|
Definition
Toward the back of the body; behind
The heart is posterior to the breastbone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Toward or at the midline of the body;
on the inner side
The heart is medial to the arm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side
the arms are lateral to the chest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Collarbone is intermediate between breastbone and shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
elbow is proximal to the wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Knee is distal to the thigh |
|
|
Term
Directional
Superficial (external) |
|
Definition
Toward or at the body surface
skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
Directional
Deep(internal) |
|
Definition
Away from the body surface; more internal
Lungs are deep to the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Back of head or base of skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Directional
Longitudinal Section (ls) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Directional
Cross Section (cs) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Directional
Sagittal Plane |
|
Definition
Runs longitudinally (top to bottom)
dividing body into right and left section |
|
|
Term
Directional
Median (Midsagittal) plane |
|
Definition
| When sagittal plane cuts body or organ into EXACTLY equal sections |
|
|
Term
Directional
Frontal (Coronal) Plane |
|
Definition
| Lengthwise cut from top to bottom dividing body or organ into front (anterior) and back (posterior) |
|
|
Term
Directional
Transverse Plane |
|
Definition
| Runs horizontally (or crosswise)dividing the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections |
|
|
Term
Directional
Cranial Cavity |
|
Definition
| The portion of the dorsal cavity that contains the brain |
|
|
Term
Directional
Vertebral Canal |
|
Definition
| The portion of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Posterior Cavity
Contains Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal |
|
|
Term
Directional
Ventral Cavity |
|
Definition
Anterior Cavity
Contains Thoracic Cavity and Abdominalpelvic Cavity |
|
|
Term
Directional
Thoracic Cavity |
|
Definition
Above the Diaphragm
Also contains pleural and pericardial cavities |
|
|
Term
Directional
Abdominalpelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Directional
Pleural Cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Directional
Pericardial Cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stratified Squamous Epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
