Term
| Is somatic gene rearrangement the mechanism used for receptors of the innate or adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
| adaptive. Innate immunity receptors are encoded in the genes. |
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Term
| Name a few of the cells involved in the innate immune system. |
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Definition
| physical barrier cells, phagocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, innate-like lymphocytes |
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Term
| The adaptive immune response takes more than ___ hours to be effective. |
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Definition
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Term
| How long after infection does it take the innate immune system to be activated? The early induced innate response? |
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Definition
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Term
| General defense mechanism against pathogens in interstitial spaces and blood and lymph. |
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Definition
| complement, macrophages, neutrophils |
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Term
| Name the defense mechanism against pathogens on epithelial surfaces. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the defense mechanism against pathogens in the cytoplasm. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the defense mechanism against pathogens in vesicles. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Define "complement fixation" |
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Definition
| the covalent attachment of C3b to pathoen surfaces |
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Term
| What functional group of C3b allows it to bind to the pathogen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the alternative pathway. |
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Definition
| spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 toform iC3. Ic3 binds Factor B. B is cleaved by factor D. iC3Bb complex cleaves C3 |
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Term
| How is the alternative pathway regulated? |
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Definition
| properdin/Factor P (upregulated), Factors H and I (downregulation--inactivate C3b), DAF and MCP (downregulation) |
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Term
| Describe the Lectin Pathway. |
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Definition
| Three proteins (MBL, MASP1, and MASP2) join together to make a complex similar to activated C1 (more specifically, CLr and Cls) |
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Term
| MBL stands for _______. And it can bind to _______. |
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Definition
| Mannose-binding lectin. It binds to mannose, glucose or other sugars in terminal positions on carbohydrate or glycoprotein compoenents of bacteria, fungi, and viruses |
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Term
| Describe the classical pathway. |
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Definition
| C1 binds to an antibody/antigen complex (at least two IgG or one IgM and needs the presence of Ca2+). C1q->C1r->C1s. Then C1s cleaves C4 and C2. C4b2a is a C3 convertase. |
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Term
| How is C5 convertase created? |
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Definition
| when C3 molecules combine with C3 convertase. C5 convertase= C4b2a3b |
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Term
| How is the membrane attack complex formed? |
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Definition
| C5b binds C6 and then other molecules join (to give you C5b678) which recruits C9. |
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Term
| Why doesn't the membrane attack complex attack human cells? |
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Definition
| CD59 prevents recruitment of C9 to C5b678 |
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Term
| Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is when a patient lacks which molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do anaphylatoxins cause inflamation? |
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Definition
| induce contraction of smooth muscle and degranulation of mast cells and basophils (histamine, etc. is released) |
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Term
| Name other plasma proteins of the innate immune system besides complement proteins and defensins. |
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Definition
| coagulation system (stored in platelets), Kinin system (bradykinin dilates blood vessels), protease inhibitors (alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha 2 macroglobulin) |
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Term
| What molecules of the innate immune system are rich in positively charged arginine residues and contain three intra chain disulfide bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of alpha defensins are produced by intestinal and vaginal epithelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What defensins are produced by neutrophils and other immune cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytoplasmic domain of TLRs is homonlogous to_______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which TLRs are on the cell membrane and which are on the membranes of organelles? |
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Definition
| TLRs 1,2,6,4,5 on cell membrane. TLRs 3,7,8,9 on organelles. |
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Term
| TLR 4 recognizes what PAMP? |
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Definition
| bacterial lipopolysaccharide |
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Term
| When TLR4 binds to its ligand it results in ________ |
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Definition
| transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
| TLR 3 binding to a ligand results in ____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the only human TLR to use dual pathways? |
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Definition
| TLR 4 (interferon pathway and TNF alpha/cytokine pathway) |
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Term
| What are the effects of IL-1beta? |
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Definition
| activates vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes, local tissue destruction, increases access of effector cells. Systemic effects= fever and production of IL-6 |
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Term
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Definition
| local: activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability which leads to increased entry of IgG complement, and cells to tissues and increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes. Systemic: fever, mobilization of metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
| local= lymphocyte activation and increased antibody production. systemic= fever, induces acute-phase protein production |
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Term
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Definition
| chemotactic factor, recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to site of infection |
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Term
| What are the effects of IL-12 |
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Definition
| activates NK cells, induces the differentiation of CD4 T cells into TH1 cells |
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Term
| What are the two groups of chemokines? |
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Definition
| CC (cysteine-cysteine) and CXC (cysteine-x-cysteine) |
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Term
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Definition
| systemic bacterial infection induces macrophages in the liver, spleen, and other sites to release TNF-alpha and massive leakage of fluid into tissues throughout the body, leading to profound state of shock. |
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Term
|
Definition
| disseminated intravascular coagulation. TNF alpha causes increased blood flow (especially venules), vascular permeability, and endothelial adhesiveness of white blood cells and platelets. These lead to blood clots in the venules. |
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Term
| How long do neutrophils live? |
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Definition
| 5 days in the bone marrow and then 2 days in the blood |
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Term
| Four steps of how a neutrophil crosses a the vascular endothelium. |
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Definition
| 1) rolling adhession (vascular addressin and selectin) 2)tight binding (LFA1)3)diapedesis 4)migration |
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Term
| What are weibel-palade bodies? |
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Definition
| P-selectin granules in vascular endothelial cells. once activated by inflammatory mediators (leukotriene LTB4, C5a and histamine), P selectin is transported to the cell surface |
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Term
| How long does it take E-selectin to be expressed on endothelial cells after they are exposed to cytokines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Azurophilic (primary) granules in Neutrophils contain... |
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Definition
| lysozyme, defensins, myeloperoxidase, neutral proteases such as cathepsin G, elastase, and proteinase 3 and bacterial-permeability-increasing protein |
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Term
| Specific (secondary) granules in neutrophils contain... |
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Definition
| lactoferrin, lysozyme, and NADPH oxidase |
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Term
| What is respiratory burst? |
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Definition
| the transient increase in oxygen consumption exhibited by neutrophils when they are activated |
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Term
| Two types of oxidant microbicidal mechanisms of neutrophils. |
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Definition
| Reactive oxygen species (generated with NADPH phagosome oxidase and myeloperoxidase) and reactive nitrogen species (generated with inducible nitric oxide synthetase=iNOS) |
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Term
| What reaction does iNOS catalyze? |
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Definition
| L-arginine + O2 + NADPH --> NO + L-citrulline + NADP |
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Term
| CGD is caused by a mutation for what enzyme? |
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Definition
| NADPH oxidase enzyme complex |
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Term
| What is the acute phase respone? |
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Definition
| when inflammatory cytokines cause the liver to increase production of acute-phase proteins such as C reactive protein and MBL. THis allows activation of complement zymogens and opsonization. |
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Term
| What is the acute phase respone? |
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Definition
| when inflammatory cytokines cause the liver to increase production of acute-phase proteins such as C reactive protein and MBL. THis allows activation of complement zymogens and opsonization. |
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Term
| Name the endogenous and exogenous pyrogens. |
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Definition
| Endogenous (TNF alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6). Exogenous (LPS) |
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Term
| How do endogenous pyrogens cause a fever? |
|
Definition
| induce production of prostaglandin E2 by COX-2. Prostaglandin E2 acts on hypothalamus. Hypothalamus causes an increase in heat production and vasoconstriction |
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Term
| What is C-reactive protein? |
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Definition
| a member of the pentraxin family released by the liver during the acute phase. Binds to phosphocholline to act as an opsonin and a compliment activator (through the classical pathway) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytokines produced by cells infected with viruses |
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Term
| What is the type 1 interferon receptor? |
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Definition
| IFN-alpha receptor (IFNAR 1 and 2) |
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Term
| Type II interferon binds to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Interferon type III receptor? |
|
Definition
| receptor complex of IL10R2 (aka CRF2-4) and IFNLR1 (CRF1-12) |
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Term
| What two kinases initiate the interferon response? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe two viral inhibition mechanisms. |
|
Definition
| 1) 2'-5' linked ATP -> activate endoribonuclease. 2) PKR inhibits protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| interferon producing cells. Secrete up to 1000x more interferons than normal cells. They are lymphocyte-like cells and later differentiate into dendritic cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| interferons or macrophage-derived cytokins |
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Term
| Activated NK cells produce large amounts of ______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Two types of NK cell surface receptors. |
|
Definition
| Immunoglobulin-like receptors and lectin-like receptors |
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Term
| Inability of the innate immune system to detect the presence of pathogens is due to what deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 deficiency (IRAK4) |
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