Term
| the procedure used to monitor and control the many time-varying disturbances that can affect paper quality |
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Definition
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Term
| process control with this is difficult because the close human inspection and removal of off-quality paper is not possible |
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Definition
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Term
| streams a negatively charged particle through a web to measure basis weight |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| technical association of the pulp and paper industry |
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Term
| used for further processes such as slitting to smaller widths and specific diameters |
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Definition
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Term
| used to remove defective paper, splicing, and other defects |
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Definition
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Term
| produce an unexcelled leveling of the coating and a flat, dense, and smooth coated surface with desirable patterns |
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Definition
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Term
| papers that have a pH of at least 7.0. Don't contain rosin or alum making the paper maintain the brightness and strength for centuries |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 reasons why process control is important |
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Definition
| 1. paper machines run faster and became larger, 2. a continuous on-line measurement is critical |
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Term
| invented the paper making machine. What year? |
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Definition
| Nicolas Louis Roberts, 1798 |
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Term
| the type of paper-making machine produced by the Fourdriner brothers |
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Definition
| continuous sheet paper making machine |
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Term
| 3 most basic types of papermaking machines |
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Definition
1. cylinder paper making machines
2. twin-wire/former paper making machine
3. conventional fourdriner paper making machine |
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Term
| 3 sections in a paper making machine |
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Definition
1. wet or forming section.
2. press section
3. drying section |
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Term
| 2 fundamental steps in papermaking |
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Definition
1. the fibrous raw material is converted into pulp
2. the pulp is interwoven into a structure known as paper |
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Term
| desireable properties of cellulose for papermaking |
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Definition
1. abundant and replenishable
2. easily harvested
3. easily transported
4. high tensile strength |
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Term
| general pulp-making process |
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Definition
1. starts with pulpwood.
2. all roundwood must be debarked
3. wood goes through pulping process to break wood down into its components to create pulp |
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Term
| pass wood chips through a disk refiner at atmospheric pressire at high speeds. The water and friction case the wood chips to separate. |
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Definition
| refiner mechanical pulping |
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Term
| wood chips are separated into fibers in refiners operating at elevated temperatures and under pressure |
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Definition
| thermo-mechanical pulping |
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Term
| wood chips are treated with mild chemicals before the refining process at elevated temperatures and under pressure |
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Definition
| chemi-thermomechanical pulping |
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Term
| wood is under pressure while it is being fed through a grinder |
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Definition
| pressurized groundwood pulping |
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Term
| are produced in two stages where wood chips are treated with a mild chemical to "cook" the wood and help break down intercellular bonds. After the break down has started the wood chips are fed through a refiner and then washed. |
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Definition
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Term
| done using either an acid or alkaline cooking of wood under heat and pressure. During the cooking process the hemi-cellulose constituents of wood are dissolved and the cellulose fibers are released |
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Definition
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Term
| batch method of cooking wood has been replaced with what? |
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Definition
| continuous pulping systems, increased production ten-fold |
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Term
| how many groups of recycled papers are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| three phases of recycling |
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Definition
| collecting, processing, and manufacture of material into new products |
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Term
| what organization has placed regulations on all paper purchased by the government? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| paper that is disposed of at the end of the product's lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
| paper and paperboard waste generated after the completion of the papermaking process |
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Term
| 4 general steps of recycling paper |
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Definition
| repulping, deinking, contaminant removal, and often bleaching |
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Term
| two main processes for de-inking paper |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 major differences between paper made with recycled fibers and paper made with virgin fibers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the various forms of wood used in papermaking - roundwood, logs, ships, sawdusts, and shavings |
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Definition
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Term
| after sugarcane is ground for its sugar, a fibrous residue remains |
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Definition
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Term
| a grass that grows wild in North Africa and southern Spain |
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Definition
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Term
| fibers come from cutting, threads, and waste from textile manufacturing |
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Definition
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Term
| these short, seed-hair fibers remaining on cottonseeds after the staple |
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Definition
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Term
| a chemical process used on various types of wood or recycled paper pulp to enhance the whiteness |
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Definition
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Term
| a measure of how much light is reflected by paper |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ improves as paper whiteness increased |
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Definition
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Term
| unbleached pulp contains ______, to produce white pulp, this must be removed or bleached |
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Definition
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Term
| credit for creating paper is given to _______ , in ______ year |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 contributions to papermaking made by the Muslins in 750 A.D. |
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Definition
| repulping(recycling), paper from linen fibers, more efficiency in beating teh fibers |
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Term
| additional paper applications by the Chinese |
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Definition
| toilet paper, playing cards, paper to wrap products |
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Term
| became the primary producer of paper in Europe, made two developments |
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Definition
| the Vatican; watermarks, and guilds to protect the craft |
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Term
| two screen that were in common use in history that are still used today. |
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Definition
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Term
| their industrial development made the the major exporter and producer of fine papers |
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Definition
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Term
| when movable type was invented, by whom? |
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Definition
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Term
| advantage of German paper mills |
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Definition
| rougher terrain; streams could be used to drive their stamping mills |
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Term
| developed by the Dutch, an oval tub that allowed rags to be broken down under the blades of a large paddle wheel and required little energy |
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Definition
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Term
| problems that arose as papermaking grew in popularity |
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Definition
| a shortage of rags causing supply problems, forming the sheets |
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Term
| by 1800, which country had the most paper mills? how many? how much was produced? |
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Definition
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Term
| when a commercially viable paper-making machine was put into production? who developed it? |
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Definition
| 1812, Fourdriner brothers |
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Term
| invented lithography, what year? |
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Definition
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Term
| developed the cylinder paper machine, what year? what is it still used for today? |
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Definition
| John Dickinson, 1809, making paperboard |
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Term
| perfected the use of steam as a way to dry the paper and wind it ontp a roll |
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Definition
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Term
| year wood grinding machines were invented |
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Definition
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Term
| when chemical pulping methods were developed |
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Definition
| around the time of the Civil War |
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Term
| percentage of the world's paper fibers that come from wood |
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Definition
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Term
| by 1845, how many states were producing paper? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 major classifications of printing papers |
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Definition
| business, offset, cover, paperboards, and miscellaneous |
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Term
| paper accounts for what percentage of the print job's cost |
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Definition
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Term
| consumption of paper in the US |
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Definition
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Term
| speed of today's papermaking machines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| commonuses for bond paper |
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Definition
| stationary, letterhead, writing paper |
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Term
| characteristics of bond paper |
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Definition
| erasability, hard surface, ink holdout |
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Term
| basic size of offset paper |
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Definition
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Term
| common uses for offset paper |
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Definition
| book pages, magazines, posters, newspaper inserts, catalogs |
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Term
| characteristics of offset paper |
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Definition
| fold strength, opacity, smoothness, brightness, surface strength |
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Term
| basic size of cover paper |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| book and manual covers, business cards |
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Term
| characteristics of cover paper |
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Definition
| thick caliper/stiffness, permanence, fold strength, brightness, and smoothness |
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Term
| basic size of index paper |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| folders, index cards, tags |
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Term
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Definition
| smoothness, hard surface, strength stiffness |
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Term
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Definition
| newspapers, catalogs, directories |
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Term
| characteristics of newsprint |
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Definition
| opacity, low strength, low permanence, low cost |
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Term
| weight of 1 ream of paper in its basic size |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| to determine weight of paper not bought in basic size |
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Definition
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Term
| thickness, measured with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| tests for determining grain direction |
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Definition
| resistance test, fold test, tear test, moisture test, stiffness test |
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Term
| arises ultimately from the moisture sensitivity and swelling of the cell wall |
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Definition
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Term
| the extent to which a paper can withstand a force applied at right angles to its surface without rupturing |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to the extent that paper diffusely reflects light of all wave lengths throughout the visible spectrum. |
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Definition
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Term
| defined as the percentage reflectance of blue light only at a wavelength of 457 nm |
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Definition
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Term
| the property of paper which obstructs the passage of light and show through of printing |
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Definition
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Term
| how the properties of paper lend themselves to the reproduction of images |
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Definition
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Term
| the degree to which the appearance and other properties of a print approach the desired result |
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Definition
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Term
| the difference between density values within the image |
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Definition
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Term
| affects ink color and print contrast; to achieve a smooth ink film, the thickness of the ink must be greater than the roughness |
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Definition
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Term
| a blotchy variation of ink density or glass within a printed image |
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Definition
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Term
| caused by the paper diffentially absorbing the ink solvent while the paper is traveling through the press; creates an area that is tackier and more viscous than surrounding areas |
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Definition
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Term
| caused by paper having dull and glass spots usually cause by fiber clumps in the base sheet or non-uniform absorbency |
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Definition
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Term
| a finely patterned non-uniformity in a printed area; cause by differences in ink acceptance and absorbency in a paper's surface |
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Definition
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Term
| a function of the ink vehicle retention, paper gloss and smoothness; gloss will decrease if paper surface allows the vehicle portion of the ink to absorb into its surface |
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Definition
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Term
| the quick evaporation of ink solvent by heatset drying reduces the time ink has to drain into the paper |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 steps in the manufacturing of paper (essay) |
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Definition
1. fibrous raw materials
2. manufacture of pulp
3. the bleaching of pulps
4. paper machines
5. process control
6. recycled papers |
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