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Information Systems Key Terms
For BYU's ISYS201 Fall 2011
110
Management
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2011

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Term
buyer power
Definition
buyer's ability to influence price
Term
competitive advantage
Definition
uniqueness of one firm's product or services that increases demand above competitors' products
Term
demand chain
Definition
all parties involved in transactions to purchase product
Term
entry barrier
Definition
makes it difficult for firms to enter market
Term
first-mover advantage
Definition
significant impact on market by being first
Term
loyalty program
Definition
pushes down buyer power by encouraging continued shopping at one firm
Term
primary value activities
Definition
main business processes to organization; involving tangible resources
Term
rivalry among existing competitors
Definition
amount of competition for customers
Term
supplier power
Definition
ability of supplier to influence cost to firm
Term
supply chain
Definition
all parties involved in transactions to create product
Term
support value activities
Definition
business processes that support primary value activities; involve supporting human resources
Term
switching costs
Definition
decreases buyer power by making purchasing from another firm costly
Term
threat of new entrants
Definition
potential for new firms to enter market
Term
threat of substitute products or services
Definition
potential for other products to be bought in place of your product
Term
value creation
Definition
use of value chain to organize business processes within an organization
Term
information granularity
Definition
to what detail information is given in (detail, summary, aggregate)
Term
transactional information
Definition
info necessary to a business process
Term
analytical information
Definition
info including transactional information necessary to business decisions
Term
realtime information/systems
Definition
info given at per second updates
Term
accuracy
Definition
correctness of info
Term
completeness
Definition
whether all necessary info is given
Term
consistency
Definition
whether info aligns with itself
Term
uniqueness
Definition
no duplicates in info
Term
timeliness
Definition
whether info is recent
Term
relational database
Definition
presents information in 2d tables emphasizing relationships between data
Term
entity
Definition
object about which info is stored - table
Term
attribute
Definition
column category that organizes info about entity
Term
priamary key
Definition
field that identifies entities uniquely from each other
Term
foreign key
Definition
primary key in different table
Term
physical view
Definition
how info is physically accessed (i.e. cd, hard disk, etc)
Term
logical view
Definition
how info is presented and accessed by user
Term
relational integrity constraints
Definition
rules about how info is entered into database
Term
business-critical integrity constraints
Definition
mirror and enforce business rules critical to success of specific business
Term
DBMS (database management system)
Definition
software that manages information and can be accessed through applications or directly by users
Term
integration
Definition
connections of databases to each other to access similar information and communicate efficiently
Term
forward vs backward integration
Definition
a form of integration that changes the corresponding info in each system when updated in one system
Term
cardinality
Definition
specification of maximum instances for an entity
Term
linking table
Definition
aka relationship table; used to link many-to-many relationships, contains primary keys of each entity involved as foreign keys
Term
many-to-many
Definition
many instances of one entity can relate to many instances of the other entity
Term
multi-attribute
Definition
combination of pk's of entities corresponding to linking table creates linking table's pk out of 2 attributes
Term
one-to-many
Definition
an instance of one entity can relate to many instances of the other entity
Term
one-to-one
Definition
an instance of one entity can only relate to one instance of the other entity
Term
relationship
Definition
how entities correspond to each other
Term
data warehouse
Definition
collection of data from internal and external databases
Term
ELT (extraction, transformation, loading)
Definition
process by which data warehouse transfers information
Term
data mart
Definition
subsets of data warehouse with specific information
Term
multidimensional analysis
Definition
a database that stores information in layers of columns and rows, allows for more than 2 attributes to relate
Term
cube
Definition
representation of multidimensional information
Term
data mining
Definition
process of extracting information that is not explicitly contained in data warehouse
Term
information cleansing/scrubbing
Definition
making sure information is consistent, correct, and complete
Term
business intelligence
Definition
apps that aid in making business decisions
Term
association detection
Definition
data mining tool that tells whether there is a relationship between values
Term
cluster analysis
Definition
data mining tool that groups data for identification and categorization
Term
decision support system (DSS)
Definition
model of information for decision making
Term
digital dashboards
Definition
individually chosen presentation of data on EIS
Term
drill-down
Definition
capability of EIS that involves narrowing down on fine details
Term
executive information system (EIS)
Definition
a specialized DSS that contains external information as well as internal information
Term
consolidation
Definition
capability of EIS that groups information
Term
goal-seeking analysis
Definition
type of DSS that finds inputs necessary for hypothetical output
Term
sensitivity analysis
Definition
type of DSS that finds effects of change on one part of business model
Term
slice-and-dice
Definition
capability of EIS that allows reader to view different perspectives/viewpoints of information
Term
statistical analysis
Definition
data mining tool that makes calculation based on data
Term
what-if analysis
Definition
type of DSS that finds effects of hypothetical external force on internal values
Term
key performance indicators (KPIs)
Definition
measures of success of IT systems in a business
Term
efficiency
Definition
measures performance of the IT system itself
Term
effectiveness
Definition
measures the impact the IT system has on the business
Term
benchmarks/benchmarking
Definition
values they system seeks to attain, goal lines
Term
types of metrics
Definition
website, supply chain, customer relationship management, business process reengineering, enterprise resource planning
Term
balanced scorecard
Definition
management and measurement system for BPR and ERP that involves four perspectives: financial, customer, learning and growth, and internal business processes.
Term
characteristics of ideal measures
Definition
simple, precisely definable, objective, valid, robust
Term
simple
Definition
easy to understand
Term
precisely definable
Definition
clearly defined so they can be applied consistently
Term
objective
Definition
without bias
Term
valid
Definition
does specifically what it is intended to do
Term
robust
Definition
should not be sensitive to minor change
Term
precision/materiality
Definition
to how much detail your measure describes
Term
sampling
Definition
how much data you collect; the more, the more accurate
Term
CRM (customer relationship management)
Definition
business philosophy about role of customer satisfaction on success of company
Term
RFM (recency, frequency, monetary value)
Definition
help find most valuable customers in CRM
Term
reporting
Definition
what happened; customer identification
Term
analyzing
Definition
why it happened; customer segmentation
Term
predicting
Definition
what will happen; customer prediction
Term
operational CRM
Definition
supports transactional processes dealing with customers
Term
analytical CRM
Definition
supports analytical processes dealing with customers
Term
personalization
Definition
capability of CRM; using info on customer to market to them individually
Term
CRM success factors
Definition
communication of purpose, clean flow of info, integrated view of customer, manageable size, future value
Term
cache memory
Definition
small ultra-fast unit of memory that contains frequently used data for easy and quick access
Term
Central processing unit (CPU)
Definition
"brain" of the computer; contains control and arithmetic/logic units
Term
communication devices
Definition
devices that communicate with other systems
Term
gigabyte (GB)
Definition
1 billion bytes, measure of storage capacity
Term
gigahertz (GHz)
Definition
1 billion hertz, measure of processing speed
Term
guided transmission medium
Definition
wired line for transmitting data over networks
Term
hypertext transport protocol (http)
Definition
protocol that reads and sends webpages through networks
Term
unguided transmission medium
Definition
wireless medium for transmitting data over networks
Term
magnetic medium
Definition
type of secondary storage with moving magnetic parts; ex. hard drive
Term
megabyte (MB or M or Meg)
Definition
1 million bytes, measure of storage capacity
Term
megahertz (MHz)
Definition
1 million hertz, measure of processing speed
Term
primary storage
Definition
main memory of computer; includes RAM, cache, and ROM
Term
read-only memory (ROM)
Definition
memory that is not lost when computer is turned off
Term
secondary storage
Definition
additional external storage for cpu to draw from
Term
terabyte (TB)
Definition
1 trillion bytes, measure of storage capacity
Term
transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)
Definition
system that bases internet using two common protocols
Term
value-added network (VAN)
Definition
a secure network through the internet
Term
virtual private network (VPN)
Definition
a private network set up by a third party
Term
voiceover IP (VoIP)
Definition
uses TCP/IP to transmit phone calles over phone lines
Term
volatility
Definition
refers to how RAM's memory is cleared when powered off
Term
packets
Definition
sets of information carried through a network
Term
ping
Definition
tests reachability of packets on IP
Term
remote desktop
Definition
control other hardware through network
Term
tracer
Definition
traces packets through TCP/IP
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