Term
| predominant leucocyte in early inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the primary circulating WBCs, which contain many granules containing enzymes in their cytoplasm |
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Term
| leucocytes that are granulocytes (3) |
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
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Term
| granulocytes that are not leucocytes |
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Definition
| platelets, monocytes, various forms of lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| in the loose connective tissue close to blood vessels near the body's outer surfaces (such as skin, lining of GI and respiratory tract) |
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Term
| biochemical mediator responsible for initiating the inflammatory response in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the process of degranulation |
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Definition
| in response to a variety of stimulus (e.g. cell injury, infection..), mast cells release chemically active molecules into the cellular space to exert their effects |
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Term
| molecules released by mast cell degranulation |
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Definition
| histamine, chemotactic factors and heparin |
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Term
| list 3 molecules later synthesised by mast cells also |
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Definition
| leukotrienes, prostaglandins and platelet activating factor |
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Term
| where are the molecules of mast cell synthesis produced |
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Definition
| from the lipids in the plasma membrane |
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Term
| immature WBC from circulating in blood |
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Definition
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Term
| primary roles of neutrophils (3) |
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Definition
| removal of debris, dead cells and phagocytosis of bacteria |
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Term
| what happens to neutrophils after they die at the inflammatory site |
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Definition
| become a component of purulent exudate or pus. Then, removed via the lymphatic system or the epithelium |
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Term
| 2 WBCs producing chemotactic factors |
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Definition
| neutrophils and eosiniphils |
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Term
| when do macrophages enter the inflammatory site and why |
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Definition
| about 24 hours after inflammatory response is initiated. They replace the neutrophils. They require the release of neutrophil chemotactic factors to attract them to the area |
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Term
| when do monocytes become macrophages |
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Definition
| when they enter the inflammatory site from circulation |
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Term
| location of monocyte production |
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Definition
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Term
| location of neutrophil production |
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Definition
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Term
| why are macrophages better suited for long term defence than neutrophils |
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Definition
| macrophages can survive and divide in the acidic inflammatory response. Neutrophils are only short lived |
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Term
| other component that can aid in macrophage bactericidal effect |
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Definition
| inflammatory cytokines produced by cells of the acquired immune system |
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Term
| How do macrophages interact with cytokines |
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Definition
| macrophages have cell surface receptors for cytokines |
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Term
| 2 specific functions of eosinophils |
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Definition
1) serve as the body's primary defence against parasites
2) help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells |
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Term
| how phagocytic are eosinophils |
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Definition
| eosinophils are only 'mildly' phagocytic |
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Term
| mast cell-derived chemical mediator that attracts eosinophils |
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Definition
| eosinophil chemotactic factor-A |
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Term
| how do eosinophils regulate inflammation |
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Definition
| lysosomes of eosinophils contain enzymes, which degrade vasoactive molecules released by the mast cell, therefore controlling the vascular effects of inflammation |
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Term
| 2 effects of platelet activation |
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Definition
1) interacts with other components of coagulation to stop bleeding
2) degranulates to release biochemical mediators such as serotonin |
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Term
| effect of serotonin (through process of platelet activation) in the inflammatory response |
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Definition
| has similar effects to histamine, it increases vascular permeability and blood flow to inflammatory site |
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Term
| describe role of leukotrienes in inflammation and compare with histamines |
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Definition
Produce histamine effects.
It causes smooth muscle contractions and increases vascular permeability. Important to later stages of inflammation.
Stimulates slower and more prolonged response than histamine |
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Term
| describe prostaglandin effects in inflammation (3) |
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Definition
| cause increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis and pain by directly effecting nerves. |
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Term
| how does increased vascularity occur |
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Definition
endothelial cells of the capillaries at the inflammatory site move apart
phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) produce surface molecules that increase adhesion/stickiness to endothelial cells, allowing diapedesis through the endothelial junctions |
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Term
| five processes of phagocytosis |
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Definition
1) adhere to target
2) engulf by indigestion of endocytosis
3) form phagosome (vacuole containing foreign body in cell)
4) phagosome fuse with lysosomal granules
5) target destruction |
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Term
| what happens to phagocytes after the process of phagocytosis (2 effect) |
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Definition
usually die.
when it dies at the inflammatory site, the phagocyte usually lyses (break open) and releases its cytoplasmic contents, including the the lysosomal enzymes into the tissue.
This can digest surrounding tissue, causing most of the tissue destruction by inflammation
Also, dying phagocytes may contribute to inflammation by increasing capillary permeability and attract more monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| a plasma protein produced by the liver that minimises the effects of dying phagocytes. it is a natural inhibitor. |
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Term
| four different substances producing platelet-activting factor |
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Definition
| neutrophils, monocytes, endothelial cells and platelets |
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Term
| platelet-activating factor role in inflammation |
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Definition
| identical to leukotrienes (cause endothelial retraction to increase permeability, leucocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and platelet activation |
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Term
| role of cytokine in inflammation |
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Definition
| group of proteins that provide communication between inflammatory cells. Can be pro- or anti- inflammatory |
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Term
| which 2 substances produces interleukin |
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Definition
| macrophages and lymphocytes |
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Term
| what is interleukin-1 (IL-1) and which substance produces it |
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Definition
| a pro inflammatory cytokine produced mainly by macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) an endogenous pyrogen that reacts with receptors on cells and the hypothalamus. It affects the body's thermostat and causes fever
2) enhance adaptive and innate immunity by activating phagocytes and lymphocytes
3) acts as a growth factor for many cells
4) neutrophils: several effects such as proliferation, chemotaxis, increased cellular activity and increased lysosomal ability |
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Term
| which substances produces IL-6 (3) |
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Definition
| macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and other cells |
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Term
| describe action of interleukin 10 |
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Definition
an anti-inflammatory cytokine.
Slows inflammatory and acquired immune responses by suppressing lymphocyte growth and pro-inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages |
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Term
| substance which primarily produces IL-10 |
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Definition
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Term
| how does cytokine to cell binding occur |
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Definition
| bind by specific cell-surface receptors . This action will usually cause synthesis of other cellular products |
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Term
| what is tumour necrosis factor-alpha? |
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Definition
| tumour necrosis factor-alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages (also mast cells and others) in response to the recognition of foreign antigens |
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Term
| describe effects of TNF-alpha (4) |
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Definition
pro inflammatory;
- increase adherence of neutrophils by increasing endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression
Also in large quantities:
-acts as an endogenous pyrogen, thus inducing fever
- increase synthesis of inflammation-related serum proteins by the liver
- cause cachexia (muscle wasting) and intravascular thrombosis in cases of severe infection and cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is tumour necrosis factor-alpha? |
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Definition
| tumour necrosis factor-alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophages (also mast cells and others) in response to the recognition of foreign antigens |
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